Streblid bat flieS on phylloStomid batS from an iSland off the coaSt of São paulo, brazil

Streblidae is the family of bloodsucking flies, mostly tropical and subtropical, that are obligate ectoparasites of bats. A high number of these fly species are found in the Atlantic Forest, but there is little information about their quantitative descriptors. In this paper, we describe the prevalence, mean intensity, and infracommunities of streblid bat flies on phyllostomid bats from the Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, São Paulo state, Brazil. Surveys were conducted from July 1990 to July 1991 in distinct places of the island, with a total of 454 flies of 30 species collected from 132 bats of 15 species. From those, we found 44 host-parasite associations and 31 infracommunities that suffered variations due to accidental associations or contaminations. With our results, the number of Streblidae species increased from 31 to 36 in São Paulo State. Key-Words: Infracommunity; Hippoboscoidea; Atlantic Forest. buco (Soares et al., 2013), Minas Gerais (Azevedo & Linardi, 2002), Rio de Janeiro (Almeida et al., 2011; França et  al., 2013; Lourenço et  al., 2014), Paraná (Graciolli & Bianconi, 2007; Silva & Ortêncio-Filho, 2011), and Rio Grande do Sul (Graciolli & Rui, 2001; Rui & Graciolli, 2005; Camilotti et al., 2010). For São Paulo state, only Bertola et  al. (2005) and Graciolli et  al. (2006) described the streblid bat fly community in two kinds of forest, Altitudinal Atlantic and semideciduos. The objective of this paper was to study the host-parasite relationship, describing streblid bat flies infracommunities, as well as record prevalence and mean intensity of infestation from the Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso. INTRODUCTION Streblidae is composed of blood-feeding flies, that are obligate ectoparasites of bats. This family is more specious in the New World, with a mostly tropical and subtropical range, and are most commonly associated with bats of the family Phyllostomidae (Dick & Miller, 2010). Streblidae comprises 237 valid species (Soares et  al., 2013), of which, nearly 81 have been recorded in Brazil. In Brazil, phyllostomid bats, the main host of streblid bat flies, are represented by 43 genera and 92 species (Nogueira et al., 2014). In the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, systematic surveys of streblid bat flies have been done in Pernamwww.mz.usp.br/publicacoes www.revistas.usp.br/paz ISSN impresso: 0031-1049 ISSN 1807-0205 on-line: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/0031-1049.2017.57.04 Volume 57(4):31‐36, 2017 1. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Zoologia. Avenida Costa e Silva, s/no, Universitário, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS. Brasil. 2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal. Corresponding author. E-mail: dornelles_d@hotmail.com. 3. E-mail: ggraciolli@yahoo.com.br.


INTRODUCTION
Streblidae is composed of blood-feeding flies, that are obligate ectoparasites of bats.This family is more specious in the New World, with a mostly tropical and subtropical range, and are most commonly associated with bats of the family Phyllostomidae (Dick & Miller, 2010).Streblidae comprises 237 valid species (Soares et al., 2013), of which, nearly 81 have been recorded in Brazil.In Brazil, phyllostomid bats, the main host of streblid bat flies, are represented by 43 genera and 92 species (Nogueira et al., 2014).
In the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, systematic surveys of streblid bat flies have been done in Pernam-

MATERIAL & METHODS
Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso (25°11'S, 47°74'W) is located on the southern coast of São Paulo State, municipality of Cananéia, Brazil.The island is made up of approximately 22,500 ha of Atlantic Forest sensu stricto.The climate is superhumid megathermal, in Thornthwaite's classification, with no water deficit (Funari et al., 1986).
The bats were sampled monthly by Fazzolari-Corrêa (1995) during her Ph.D. research from July 1990 to July 1991.Five mist-nets (6 × 2.6 m) were opened for 12 hours/night during two or three days of each field excursion, being reviewed each hour until 00:00 h, and then reviewed again at 06:00 h, totaling 58,032 h.m2 of sampling effort (Straube & Bianconi, 2002).The captured bats were identified in the field and most of them were killed by hanging, individualized in paper bags, and taken to the field laboratory where ectoparasites were collected and stored in 70% ethanol.Bat flies were identified using generic and specific keys for Streblidae (Guerrero, 1993(Guerrero, , 1994a(Guerrero, , b, 1995a(Guerrero, , b, 1996)).The bats and bat flies were deposited at the MZUSP.
We followed Bush et al. (1997) for definitions of prevalence (P), mean intensity of infestation (MI) and infracommunity.Confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using Quantitative Parasitology 3.0 (Rózsa et al., 2000).Bat species with less than 10 captured specimens were excluded in all analysis we made, in infracommunity description were removed the bats that all infracommunities were made by flies with mean intensity equating to one, without sufficient information for CI calculating.
Bat flies known to be associated with specific bat species, that were found on another bat species were considered to be accidental infestations when both bats were captured, principally if the main host was abundant.
We found 31 infracommunities on nine species of phylostomids (Table 3).Excluding accidental associations or contaminations, the richness of infracommunities was 1 to 4. On S. lilium, the bat species with the most infested individuals, we mainly found a single bat fly species infracommunity, M. aranea, the same was noticed for A. lituratus (Olfers, 1818) infested by Paratrichobius longicrus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1907).

DISCUSSION
The most associations between flies and bats found were previously recorded in the Atlantic Forest and the state of São Paulo (Bertola et al., 2005;Graciolli et al., 2008).The richness of streblid flies from Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso was higher than in other works from the Atlantic Forest sensu stricto (Graciolli & Rui, 2001;Bertola et al., 2005;Rui & Graciolli, 2005;Soares et al., 2013;Lourenço et al., 2014).
A high number of infracommunities (n = 31) were described, but almost one third were due to acci-dental infestation, which emphasizes the importance of reducing contamination by using careful collection methods when working with these mobile ectoparasites.Apart from T. bidens, all others infracommunities found on bat species were made predominantly by a single species of fly, this may be a pattern, but there are not many works that we can compare our finding with.Moras et al. (2013) described the infracommunities on bats in Minas Gerais state, counting the bat flies and mites, but the number of bats infested was not high enough to see a pattern.

CONCLUSION
The present paper studied the host-parasite associations between streblid bat flies and bats from an island of Atlantic Forest in São Paulo state, with the goal of contributing to progress of quantitative de-scriptors (P and MI) and infracommunity knowledge of these parasites for the region.The species of bat flies for São Paulo state has increased to 36 with this study.For a better understanding of interactions among bat flies on the same bat hosts, more papers quantitatively describing the infracommunities are necessary.

TABLE 1 :
Streblidae fly species collected from bats in Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, municipality of Cananéia, São Paulo.a Accidental infestation; b new record of bat fly species for São Paulo state; c Insuficient data to calcule coinfidence intervals.