A new synonym and seventeen new distributional records in South American Cerambycidae (Coleoptera), with notes on Chlorethe scabrosa Zajciw, 1963

We studied 18 cerambycid beetle species native to South America. Seventeen represent new state records in Brazil. Particularly, Chlorethe scabrosa Zajciw, 1963 is newly reported for the state of Rio de Janeiro with exclusion of C. brachyptera Zajciw, 1963. The Brazilian state of the type locality of Dufauxia guaicurana Lane, 1955 is fixed. Pirangoclytus mendosus (Galileo & Martins, 1996) is synonymized with P. mniszechii (Chevrolat, 1862), and its holotype is a female. Variation on Trypanidius maculatus Monné & Delfino, 1980 is commented. New country and department records for Paraguay are also provided. Key-Words. Brazilian savanna; Longhorned beetles; Paraguay; Semiochemical traps; Taxonomy.


INTRODUCTION
Cerambycidae comprises one of the largest beetle families with over 36,000 species described worldwide (reviewed by Monné et al., 2017). Many species play critical role in maintenance of health of ecosystems, for instance by acting as primary wood decomposers or by serving as food source for other animals (Monné et al., 2017). Moreover, some cerambycid species may represent serious pests for agriculture and forestry, especially when they are out of their native geographic range (Eyre & Haack, 2017).
Within this context, crescent researches have been focused on development of strategies for the delineation of geographic distribution of native and exotic cerambycid species. Promising results have been obtained using semiochemical baited traps, especially with pheromone volatiles, for detection, monitoring, and management of cerambycid beetles .
Particularly in Brazil, field bioassays comprising use of semiochemical traps are part of an ongoing project that aims to study the pheromone chemistry of South American cerambycid beetles. The last author of the present paper is conducting this project since 2014 and some findings have been published elsewhere (Silva et al., 2016a, b;Silva et al., 2017;Silva et al., 2018a, b).
During the abovementioned bioassays conducted in Midwestern and Southeastern Brazil from 2015 to 2018, 17 non-target cerambycid species were caught. Surprisingly, 16 of them were noted as new state records for this country, and one was recognized as a new synonym. These findings offered the main framework for the present paper.
During identification of cerambycids from other collection source, a specimen of Chlorethe Bates, 1867, which remained in doubtful identity, was studied. However, because we came across a misidentification involving C. scabrosa Zajciw, 1963 andC. brachyptera Zajciw, 1963, we decided to include here the fix for this issue.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Adult beetles representing most of the cerambycid species in this paper were collected with cross-vane intercept panel traps (black corrugated plastic) deployed in forest remnants of Cerrado from the Brazilian states of São Paulo (cities of Anhembi and Valentim Gentil) and Mato Grosso do Sul (city of Cassilândia). Semiochemicals (pher-ISSN On-Line: 1807-0205 ISSN Printed: 0031-1049 ISNI: 0000-0004-0384-1825 omone and plant volatiles) and UV light were used as attractants. Except for Psapharochrus maculatissimus (Bates, 1861) (i.e., Silva et al., 2019), it is noteworthy to point that cerambycid species reported here were caught at random by the treatment traps and at insufficient numbers for statistics (data not shown).
Specimens from other sources were also examined and their records were provided.
Photographs of habitus from representative specimens were taken with a Canon EOS Rebel T3i DSLR camera, Canon MP-E 65 mm f/2.8 1-5X macro lens, controlled by Zerene Stacker AutoMontage software.
The map depicting the new distributional records was made using the program MapCreator 2.0 Studio.
Field collections of cerambycid beetles made by the last author at Anhembi, Cassilândia, and Valentim Gentil were conducted under the SISBIO permit № #46395-2 from the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment. The study of cerambycid beetles from these locations was registered with the National System for the Management of Genetic Heritage and Associated Traditional Knowledge (Sisgen, Brazil) under № #AE3897B.

RESULTS
Seventeen of the 18 cerambycid species reported here represent new records for the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso do Sul (1), Rio de Janeiro (1), and São Paulo (15). Another species represents a new synonym and a new department record for Paraguay. Additionally, one of the new records for the state of São Paulo (Brazil) is also a new country record for Paraguay.
These species belong to the subfamilies Cerambycinae and Lamiinae, and their respective tribes (sometimes subtribes) are shown. Specimens from species representing new state records for Brazil or a new synonym, and that were collected with attractant traps are indicated with "semiochemical/light trap" within bracket. New synonym and distributional records are indicated in bold font within parentheses. Geographical distribution: This species was described from Brazil (Mato Grosso, Rondônia, and Pará) and Bolivia (Santa Cruz). Currently, it is also known from the Brazilian states of Amazonas, Maranhão, and Goiás (Monné, 2019a). Additionally, Bezark (2019) listed this species in Venezuela, a country record previously presented by Monné & Hovore (2005).  [sic]. This synonymy is inaccurate because the elytral color patterns are different. In Pirangoclytus mniszechii the basal maculae of the elytra are much larger and are followed by a small lateral spot near to its apex; the sutural maculae at the front of the middle also are much larger and closer to the basal one. " Nevertheless, we think that Di Iorio (2006) was right. Firstly, the small yellowish pubescent spot on sides of anterior third may or may not be present. It is present in some paratypes of M. mendosus (Figs. 5,7,8), and not only in a paratype as pointed out in the original description. Furthermore, when present, it is variable in size. Moreover, the size and shape of the elytral pubescent maculae (Figs. 2,4,5,7,8) are very variable in this species. Accordingly, the arguments by Martins & Galileo (2011) are not consistent.

CLYTINI MULSANT, 1839
Di Iorio (2006: 13) reported: "Mecometopus mendosus and the true Mecometopus palmatus (of Olivier, 1795) can be differentiated by the pubescence of sternites 1º and 2º, which is of a yellow color in Mecometopus mendosus, and white in Mecometopus palmatus (Galileo & Martins, 1996). The description of "Mecometopus palmatus" given by Laporte & Gory (1836: 84-85) says clearly "abdomen noir, avec les deux premiers segments et une tache de chaque côté du mesothorax d'un beau jaune". According to this, the reference of Laporte & Gory (1836) must be referred to Mecometopus mendosus. This character, abdominal pubescence of white or yellow color, is of uncertain value to the determination of specimens: many Clytini exhibit variable coloration of the integument, and of the pubescent bands or spots […]. Large series of specimens from different localities often are needed to clearly establish taxonomic status." These statements are somewhat confused. It is true that Laporte & Gory (1836) described the ventral pubescence in Mecometopus palmatus as being yellow. We agree with him regarding the synonymy between M. palmatus sensu Laporte & Gory (1836) and M. mendosus, and also regarding the variation in the color of the pubescence. However, apparently Di Iorio (2006) was suggesting that Mecometopus mniszechii may be also equal to M. palmatus (Olivier, 1795). However, when present, the small yellow pubescent spot of the elytra in M. mniszechii (= Pirangoclytus mniszechii) is always placed at anterior third, while in M. palmatus it is placed about middle. Furthermore, although it is possible that these features are variable, in all specimens of M. palmatus the elytral apex is less oblique, and the anterior elytral pubescent band is elongate. Still according to Di Iorio (2006: 15): "Only the extension of the abdominal yellow pubescence appears to differ slightly: on sternites I-III and part of IV in Mecometopus mniszechii (fide de [sic] Chevrolat, 1862a), and only on sternites I-II in Mecometopus mendosus." Actually, there are paratypes of M. mendosus with pubescence on ventrites III and IV (Fig. 6), not as dense as on I-II, but distinct.
The holotype of Mecometopus mendosus was described as being a male, but it is a female (Figs. 2-3).

Remarks:
The last author collected this species in 2016 in a remnant of Cerrado at Valentim Gentil. In that occasion, conspecific adults of both sexes were caught with traps baited with general attractant pheromones for cerambycid beetles. Living adult beetles were used to obtain the attractant pheromone of the species and the results will be published elsewhere (i.e., Silva et al., 2019).  (Monné, 2019b;Breuning, 1974).

DISCUSSION
Broadly speaking, most of the distributional records related here (15 cerambycid species) are from the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Remarkably, 10 of these spe-cies (i.e., Piezocera costula, S. semipubescens, L. (L.) perelegans, T. maculatus, A. moniliferum, D. guaicurana, Psapharochrus maculatissimus, C. centralis, E. alternate, and M. lineatipennis) were found to be new southeasternmost distributional records in Brazil. The remaining new records for Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro have been previously reported for other states within the same geographic region. However, one of these species, C. striata, represents a new country record for Paraguay. Specimens representing most of the species reported here were collected with semiochemical traps, which have been demonstrated to be sensitive and efficient tools for detection of adult cerambycid beetles in different geographic regions .