Promessa e desafios do desenvolvimento
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-20702007000100012Palavras-chave:
Aprimoramento industrial, China, México, Indústria do vestuário, "Cidades-cadeias-de-suprimento"Resumo
A economia global tem mudado rapidamente. China, Índia e México representam casos particularmente interessantes por seus distintos modelos de desenvolvimento. O processo de consolidação global ampliou-se na década passada na esteira do rápido crescimento da China nos setores de manufatura para exportação e da entrada em cena da Índia na exportação de serviços no ramo da tecnologia de informação. A indústria do vestuário também ilustra tal tendência à consolidação, dadas as mudanças na regulação internacional com a gradual retração, a partir de 2005, do sistema de quotas estabelecido pelo Acordo Multifibras. As trajetórias de aprimoramento industrial manifestadas pela China e México são comparadas neste texto; com base em dados do comércio internacional, faz-se uma análise mais detida da composição das suas exportações destinadas ao mercado norte-americano no que respeita a ramos e produtos-chave. A experiência chinesa das chamadas "cidades-cadeias-de-suprimento" é também analisada; trata-se de uma nova forma de organização econômica, voltada a integrar geograficamente a produção para exportação e outros segmentos de alto valor agregado das cadeias globais de valor.
Downloads
Referências
APPELBAUM, Richard P. (2005), “The emergence of giant transnational contractors in East Asia: emergent trends in global supply chains”. Texto apresentado na conferência “Global Networks: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Commodity Chains”. Universidade de Yale, 13-14 maio.
BARBOZA, David. (2004), “In roaring China, sweaters are west of sock city”. New York Times, 24 dez.
BARBOZA, David. (2006), “Labor shortage in China may lead to trade shift”. New York Times, 3 abr.
BRONFENBRENNER, Kate & LUCE, Stephanie. (2004), “The changing nature of corporate global restructuring: the impact of production shifts on jobs in the U.S., China, and around the globe”. Trabalho apresentado à US-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 14 out.
BUSINESS WEEK. (2004), “Just how cheap is Chinese labor?”. Business Week, 2 dez.
CHADWICK Jr., William. (2003), “Global trends in the information technology outsourcing services market”. Industry Trade and Technology Review, USITC Office of Industries, 1 -9 nov.
GEREFFI, Gary. (1996), “Commodity chains and regional divisions of labor in East Asia”. Journal of Asian Business, 12 (1): 75-112.
GEREFFI, Gary. (1999), “International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain”. Journal of International Economics, 48 (1): 37-70.
GEREFFI, Gary. (2005), “The global economy: organization, governance, and development”. In: SMELSER, Neil J. & SWEDBERG, Richard (eds.), The handbook of economic sociology. Princeton, Princeton University Press/Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 160-182.
GEREFFI, Gary & MEMODOVIC, Olga. (2003), “The global apparel value chain: what prospects for upgrading by developing countries?”. Viena, UNIDO, Strategic Research and Economy Branch. Consultado no site http://www.soc.duke.edu/~ggere/web/UNIDO-Global%20Apparel_2003.pdf.
GEREFFI, Gary, HUMPHREY, John & STURGEON, Timothy. (2005), “The governance of global value chains”. Review of International Political Economy, 12 (1): 78-104, fev.
GOODMAN, Peter S. (2005), “China ventures southward: in search of cheaper labor, firms invest in Vietnam”. Washington Post, 6 dez.
GOODMAN, Peter S. & PAN, Philip P. (2004), “Wal-Mart and China leading the race to the bottom”. Washington Post, 8 fev.
HUANG, Yasheng & KHANNA, Tarun. (2003), “Can India overtake China?”. Foreign Policy, jul.-ago., pp. 74-81.
KAHN, Gabriel. (2004), “Making labels for less: supply-chain city transforms farflung apparel industry”. Wall Street Journal Online, 13 ago.
KARAMOUZIS, Frances. (2003), “A look at India for offshore sourcing options”. Gartner Research, AV-18-8057, 29 jul.
KUSTERBECK, Staci. (2005), “China appeals to U.S. buyers with ‘supply chain cities’”. Apparel Magazine, 1º ago.
LALL, Sanjaya. (2000), “The technological structure and performance of developing country manufactured exports, 1985-98”. Oxford Development Studies, 28 (3):337-369.
LALL, Sanjaya & ALBALADEJO, Manuel. (2004), “China’s competitive performance: a threat to East Asian manufactured exports?”. World Development, 32 (9): 1441-1466.
LUEN THAI. (2004), “Luen Thai Holdings Limited: Corporate Presentation, Interim Results 2004”. Elaborado a partir do relatório “Luen Thai Announces 2004 interim results”, consultado do site www.progilvy.com.
LÜTHJE, Boy. (2004), “Global production networks and industrial upgrading in China: the case of electronics contract manufacturing”. East-West Center Working Paper 74. Consultado no site http://www.eastwestcenter.org/stored/pdfs/ECONwp074.pdf.
NOLAN, Peter Hugh. (2005), “China at the crossroads”. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 3 (1): 1-22, jan.
NORDÅS, Hildegunn Kyvik. (2004), “The global textile and clothing industry post the agreement on textiles and clothing”. Genebra, World Trade Organization.
PANG, Carmen. (2004), “Chain reaction”. Textile World Asia, verão.
PINK, Daniel H. (2004), “The new face of the silicon age: how India became the capital of the computing revolution”. Wired Magazine, Issue 12, fev., pp. 1-14.
RAI, Saritha. (2004), “Indian services giant hits $1 billion in annual sales”. New York Times, 14 abr.
ROACH, Stephen. (2003), “Outsourcing, protectionism, and the global labor arbitrage”. Morgan Stanley, Special Economic Study, 11 nov.
RODRIK, Dani. (2006), “What’s so special about China’s exports?”. NBER Working Papers 11947, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
SHENKAR, Oded. (2005), The Chinese Century. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Wharton School Publishing.
SONOBE, Tetsushi, HU, Dinghuan & OTSUKA, Keijiro. (2002), “Process of cluster formation in China: a case study of a garment town”. Journal of Development Studies, 39 (1): 118-139, out.
STURGEON, Timothy & LEE, Ji-Ren. (2005), “Industry co-evolution: a comparison of Taiwan and North American electronics contract manufacturers”. In: BERGER, Suzanne & LESTER, Richard K. (eds.), Global Taiwan: building competitive strengths in a new international economy. Armonk, NY, M.E. Sharpe, pp. 33-75.
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). (2005), TNCs and the removal of textiles and clothing quotas. Nova York/Genebra, UNCTAD.
USITC (United States International Trade Commission). (2004), Textiles and apparel: assessment of the competitiveness of certain foreign suppliers to the U.S. Market. USITC Publication 3671, jan.
WALDMAN, Amy. (2004), “India takes economic spotlight, and critics are unkind”. Consultado no site http://www.nytimes.com, 7 mar.
WANG, Jici & TONG, Xin. (2002), “Clustering in China: alternative pathways towards global-local linkages”. In: GU, S. (ed.), Technological innovation in China. Maastricht, The Netherlands, United Nations University, Institute for New Technology.
WANG, Jici, ZHU, Huasheng & TONG, Xin. (2005), “Industrial districts in a transitional economy: the case of datang sock and stocking industry in Zhejiang, China”. In: LAGENDIJK, Arnoud & OINAS, Päivi (eds.), Proximity, distance, and diversity: issues on economic interaction and local development. Burlington, Vermont, Ashgate, pp. 47-69.
WANG, Mark Yaolin & MENG, Xiaochen. (2004), “Global-local initiatives in FDI: the experience of Shenzhen, China”. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 45 (2): 181-196, ago.
WONACOTT, Peter. (2003), “Behind China’s export boom, heated battle among factories”. Wall Street Journal, 13 nov.
ZENG, Douglas Zhihua. (2005), “China’s employment challenges and strategies after the WTO accession”. Banco Mundial, Policy Research Working Paper 3522, fev.
ZHANG, Qing & FELMINGHAM, Bruce. (2002), “The role of FDI, exports and spillover effects in the regional development of China”. Journal of Development Studies, 38 (4): 157-178, abr.
ZHANG, Zhiming, TO, Chester & CAO, Ning. (2004), “How do industry clusters succeed? A case study in China’s textiles and apparel industries”. Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management, 4 (2): 1-10, outono.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2015 Tempo Social
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
