Mãos na argila: notas para uma abordagem da materialidade da escrita cuneiforme
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-02672021v29e58Palavras-chave:
Materialidade da Escrita, Cuneiforme, MesopotâmiaResumo
Este artigo objetiva compreender a relação entre a materialidade da escrita e a escrita cuneiforme na antiga Mesopotâmia. Inicialmente, discutimos como as abordagens tradicionais aplicadas a textos, a partir do “modelo linguístico” e suas derivações, contribuíram para a desmaterialização da escrita ao priorizar a mensagem escrita em detrimento do material inscrito. Em seguida, debatemos os conceitos de material e materialidade, levando em conta tanto as condições de existência e as propriedades materiais do suporte/objeto, como as relações
materiais que fazem com que a escrita se concretize. Por fim, apresentamos dois estudos de caso que consideram a relação entre sujeitos, objetos e ambientes dentro do contexto em que circulam, partindo de abordagens analíticas mais recentes, aplicadas aos estudos de cultura material, que conferem à materialidade um papel ativo nas relações sociais. O primeiro estudo de caso apresenta os tabletes de argila em um contexto preciso de relações administrativas, problematizando a visão de que seriam suportes ou veículos para uma mensagem. Já no segundo, trazemos as possíveis compreensões da relação entre materialidade, texto e imagem em relevos parietais palacianos.
Downloads
Referências
LIVROS, ARTIGOS E TESES
ALMADA, Márcia. Introdução: considerações sobre a materialidade da escrita e as três camadas de informação. Anais do Museu Paulista, São Paulo, v. 28, p. 1-13, 2020. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.1590/1982-02672020v28d3e42intro2>.
BACHELOT, Luc. Corps, image et perception de l’espace: l’apport de la phénoménologie. In:
GILLMANN, Nicolas; SHAFER, Ann (eds.). Corps, image et perception de l’espace: de la Mésopotamie au monde classique. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2014. p. 13-32.
BALKE, Thomas; TSOUPAROPOULOU, Christina. Introduction. In: Materiality of writing in
Early Mesopotamia. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2016. p. 1-10. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.1515/9783110459630-001>.
BALKE, Thomas et al. Ton. In: MEIER, Thomas et al. (eds.). Materiale Textkulturen: Konzepte
– Materialien – Praktiken. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2015. p. 277-292. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.1515/9783110371291.277>.
BASU, Paul. The inbetweenness of things. In: The inbetweenness of things: materializing mediation and movement between worlds. London: Bloomsbury, 2017. p. 1-20.
BERTI, Irene et al. Introduction. In: Writing matters: presenting and perceiving monumental
inscriptions in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2017. p. 1-12. Doi:
www.doi.org/10.1515/9783110534597-001>.
BOIVIN, Nicole. Grasping the elusive and unknowable: material culture in ritual practice.
Material Religion, London, v. 5, n. 3, p. 266-287, 2009. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.2752/1
X12550007729860>.
BOURDIEU, Pierre. Raisons pratiques: sur la théorie de l’action. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1994.
BRAMANTI, Armando. Dall’Antico Oriente alle nostre mani: la materialità del cuneiforme.
Forma Urbis, Roma, v. 33, n. 10, p. 27-32, 2018. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/3Deo1Lt>. Acesso
em: 23 ago. 2021.
BRAMANTI, Armando. The cuneiform stylus: some addenda. Cuneiform Digital Library Notes,
Los Angeles, n. 12, 2015. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/3j7EFVg>. Acesso em: 23 ago. 2021.
BROOKES, Sophia. A new approach to the design of kiln furniture for the firing of cuneiform
tablets. Iraq, London, v. 59, p. 203-207, 1997. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.2307/4200444>.
CAMMAROSANO, Michele. The cuneiform stylus. Mesopotamia: Rivista di Archeologia, Epigrafia e Storia Orientale Antica, Firenze, v. 49, p. 53-90, 2014.
CARDOSO, Ciro Flamarion. História e textualidade. In: CARDOSO, Ciro Flamarion; VAINFAS,
Ronaldo (orgs.). Novos domínios da história. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2012. p. 225-241.
CHARPIN, Dominique. Lire et écrire à Babylone. Paris: PUF, 2008.
CHARPIN, Dominique. Writing, law and kingship in Old Babylonian Mesopotamia. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2010.
COHEN, Sol. Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta. 1973. Tese (Doutorado) – Faculty of the
Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1973.
CRAWFORD, Cory D. Relating image and word in Ancient Mesopotamia. In: BROWN, Brian
A.; FELDMAN, Marian H. (eds.). Critical approaches to Ancient Near Eastern art. Berlin: De
Gruyter, 2014, p. 241-264. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.1515/9781614510352.241>.
DEBIAIS, Vincent. Writing on medieval doors: the Surveyor Angel on the Moissac Capital (ca.
. In: BERTI, Irene et al. (eds.). Writing matters: presenting and perceiving monumental
inscriptions in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2017. p. 285-308. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.1515/9783110534597-012>.
DELNERO, Paul; LAUINGER, Jacob. Introduction: reassembling the social from text and
contexts. In: DELNERO, Paul; LAUINGER, Jacob (eds.). Texts and contexts: the circulation and
the transmission of cuneiform texts in social space. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2015. p. 1-26. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.1515/9781614515371-001>.
FAIVRE, Xavier. Le recyclage des tablettes cuneiformes. Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie
orientale, Paris, v. 89, n. 1, p. 57-66, 1995.
FATTORI, Anita. 50 cartas de Tell Harmal: práticas administrativas e sociabilidade no antigo
reino de Eshnunna. 2018. Dissertação (Mestrado em Filosofia) – Escola de Artes, Ciências e
Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2019. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.11606/D.100.2019.tde-03022019-183741>.
FINLEY, Moses Israel. Grécia primitiva: Idade do Bronze e Idade Arcaica. São Paulo: Martins
Fontes, 1990.
GELL, Alfred. Art and agency: an anthropological theory. Oxford: Clarendon, 1998.
GEORGE, Andrew. Appendix: from tablet to translation. In: GEORGE, Andrew. The epic of
Gilgamesh. London: Penguin, 1999. p. 209-221.
GIBSON, James. The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1979.
GIDDENS, Anthony. The constitution of society: outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
GLASSNER, Jean-Jacques. Écrire à Sumer: l’invention du cunéiforme. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2000.
GÖTZE, Albrecht. Fifty old Babylonian letters from Harmal. Sumer, [s. l.], n. 14, p. 3-79, 1958.
HICKS, Dan. The material-cultural turn: event and effect. In: HICKS, Dan; BEAUDRY, Mary (eds.). The Oxford handbook of material culture studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. p. 25-98.
HODDER, Ian. This is not an article about material culture as text. Journal of Anthropological
Archaeology, Amsterdam, v. 8, n. 3, p. 250-269, 1989. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.1016/0278-
(89)90015-9>.
HODDER, Ian; HUTSON, Scott. Reading the past: current approaches to interpretation in archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
HUSSEIN, Laith. Tell Harmal: Die Texte aus dem Hauptverwaltungsgebäude ‘Serai’. 2006. Tese
(Doutorado) – Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, 2009.
INGOLD, Tim. Bringing things back to life: creative entanglements in a world of materials.
Manchester: Realities, University of Manchester, 2010. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/3gKJq5F>.
Acesso em: 3 jul. 2020.
INGOLD, Tim. Culture and the perception of the environment. In: CROLL, Elisabeth; PARKIN,
David (eds.). Bush base: forest farm: culture, environment and development. London:
Routledge, 1992. p. 39-56.
INGOLD, Tim. Materials against materiality. Archaeological Dialogues, Cambridge, v. 14, n. 1,
p. 1-16, 2007. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.1017/S1380203807002127>.
INGOLD, Tim. The life of lines. London: Routledge, 2015.
INGOLD, Tim. The perception of the environment: essays on livelihood, dwelling and skill.
London: Routledge, 2000.
KARAGIANNI, Angeliki; SCHWINDT, Jürgen P.; TSOUPAROPOULOU, Christina. Materialität.
In: MEIER, Thomas; OTT, Michel R.; SAUER, Rebecca (eds.). Materiale Textkulturen: Konzepte
– Materialien – Praktiken. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2015. p. 33-46. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.1515/9783110371291.33>.
KNAPPETT, Carl. Materiality in archaeological theory. In: SMITH, Claire (ed.). Encyclopedia of
global archaeology. New York: Springer, 2014. p. 4700-4708. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_292>.
KNAPPETT, Carl. Materiality. In: HODDER, Ian (ed.). Archaeological theory today. Cambridge:
Polity, 2012. p. 188-207.
KNAPPETT, Carl. Materials with materiality? Archaeological Dialogues, Cambridge, n. 14, v. 1,
p. 20-23, 2007. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.1017/S1380203807002140>.
KRAMER, Samuel Noah. Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta: a Sumerian epic tale of Iraq and
Iran. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1952.
LATOUR, Bruno. Pandora’s hope: essays on the reality of science studies. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1999.
LATOUR, Bruno. Reassembling the social: an introduction to Actor-Network Theory. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2005.
LAW, John. Notes on the theory of the actor-network: ordering, strategy and heterogeneity.
Systems Practice, [s. l.], v. 5, p. 379-393, 1992. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.1007/BF01059830>.
MALAFOURIS, Lambros. How things shape the mind: a theory of material engagement. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2013.
MATTHEWS, Roger. Writing (and reading) as material practice: the world of cuneiform culture
as an arena for investigation. In: PIQUETTE, Kathryn; WHITEHOUSE, Ruth (eds.). Writing as
material practice: substance, surface and medium. London: Ubiquity Press, 2013. p. 65-74.
Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.5334/bai.d>.
MCMAHON, Augusta. Space, sound, and light: toward a sensory experience of ancient
monumental architecture. American Journal of Archaeology, Boston, v. 117, n. 2, p. 163, 2013.
Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.3764/aja.117.2.0163>.
MENESES, Ulpiano Toledo Bezerra de. História e imagem: iconografia/iconologia e além. In:
CARDOSO, Ciro Flamarion; VAINFAS, Ronaldo (orgs.). Novos domínios da história. Rio de
Janeiro: Elsevier, 2012. p. 243-262.
MESKELL, Lynn. Introduction: object orientations. In: MESKELL, Lynn (ed.). Archaeologies of
Materiality. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005. p. 1-17. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/3gpNnfE>. Acesso
em: 23 ago. 2021.
MUTH, Susanne et al. Texte et image dans l’Antiquité: lire, voir et percevoir. Perspective, [s. l.],
v. 2, p. 219-236, 2012. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.4000/perspective.145>.
NADALI, Davide. Moveo, ergo sum: living in the space around us: distance, perspective and
reciprocity. In: GILLMANN, Nicolas; SHAFER, Ann (eds.). Corps, image et perception de l’espace: de la Mésopotamie au Monde Classique. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2014. p. 33-55.
NADALI, Davide. Percezione dello spazio e scansione del tempo: studio della composizione
narrativa del rilievo assiro di VII secolo a.C. Roma: Università degli studi di Roma La
Sapienza, 2006.
NADALI, Davide. The role of the image of the king in the organizational and compositional
principles of Sennacherib’s throne room: a guide to the historical narrative and meaning of a
specified message. In: KÜHNE, Hartmut; CZICHON, Rainer Maria; KREPPNER, Florian Janoscha
(eds.). Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archeology of the Ancient Near East.Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2008. v. 1, p. 473-493.
NEUMANN, Kiersten. Reading the Temple of Nabu as a coded sensory experience. Iraq,
London, v. 80, p. 181-211, 2018. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2018.11>.
ORGAN, Robert. The conservation of cuneiform tablets. The British Museum Quarterly, v. 23,
n. 2, p. 52-58, 1961.
PARPOLA, Simo. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2014.
PEARCE, Laurie. Materials of writing and materiality of knowledge. In: STACKERT, Jeffrey;
PORTER, Barbara Nevling; WRIGHT, David (eds.). Gazing on the deep: Ancient Near Eastern
and other studies in honor of Tzvi Abusch. Bethesda: CDL, 2010. p. 167-79.
PESEZ, Jean-Marie. História da cultura material. In: LE GOFF, Jacques (org.). A história nova.
São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1993. p. 177-213.
PIQUETTE, Kathryn; WHITEHOUSE, Ruth. Introduction: developing an approach to writing
as material practice. In: Writing as material practice: substance, surface and medium. London:
Ubiquity, 2013. p. 1-13. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/3khRlIx>. Acesso em: 24 ago. 2021.
PORTUESE, Ludovico. The Throne Room of Aššurnasirpal: a multisensory experience. In:
HAWTHORN, Ainsley; LOISEL, Anne-Caroline Rendu (eds.). Distant impressions: the senses in
the Ancient Near East. Pennsylvania: Eisenbrauns, 2019. p. 63-92.
RADNER, Karen. The relation between format and content of Neo-Assyrian texts. In: MATTILA,
Raija. Nineveh, 612 BC: the glory and fall of the Assyrian Empire. Helsinki: Helsinki University
Press, 1995. p. 63-77.
RANIERI, Leandro Penna. Concepções de corpo na Assíria do primeiro milênio AEC: entre
materialidade e textualidade. 2018. Tese (Doutorado em História Social) – Faculdade de
Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2018. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.11606/T.8.2018.tde-23112018-123812>.
REDE, Marcelo. Complexidade social, sistemas comunicativos e gênese da escrita cuneiforme.
Classica, Belo Horizonte, v. 11-12, n. 11-12, p. 37-53, 1998-1999. Doi: <https://www.doi.
org/10.24277/classica.v11i11/12.448>.
REDE, Marcelo. História e cultura material. In: CARDOSO, Ciro Flamarion; VAINFAS, Ronaldo
(orgs.). Novos domínios da história. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier-Campus, 2012. p. 133-150.
RENFREW, Colin. Towards a cognitive archaeology. In: RENFREW, Colin; ZUBROW, Ezra (eds.).
The ancient mind: elements of cognitive archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1994. p. 3-12.
RENFREW, Colin. Towards a theory of material engagement. In: DEMARRAIS, Elizabeth;
GOSDEN, Chris; RENFREW, Colin (eds.). Rethinking materiality: the engagement of mind with
the material world. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2004. p. 23-32.
RENFREW, Colin. Towards an archaeology of mind: an inaugural lecture delivered before
the University of Cambridge on 30 November 1982. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
p. 1-34.
STEADMAN, Sharon; ROSS, Jennifer. Agency and identity in the Ancient Near East. In:
STEADMAN, Sharon; ROSS, Jennifer (eds.). Agency and identity in the Ancient Near East: new
paths forward. London: Equinox, 2010. p. 1-10.
TAYLOR, Jonathan. Tablets as artefacts, scribes as artisans. In: RADNER, Karen; ROBSON,
Eleanor (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of cuneiform culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
p. 5-31.
TAYLOR, Jonathan; CARTWRIGHT, Caroline. The making and re-making of clay tablets. Scienze
dell’Antichità, Roma, v. 17, p. 297-324, 2011. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/3kmFWXW>.
Acesso em: 24 ago. 2021.
TEIXEIRA-BASTOS, Márcio; FERREIRA, Lucio Menezes; HODDER, Ian. Isso não é um artigo:
dialogando com Ian Hodder sobre a virada ontológica em arqueologia. Revista de Arqueologia,Teresina, v. 33, n. 2, p. 118-134, 2020. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.24885/sab.v33i2.775>.
THOMASON, Allison. The sense-scapes of Neo-Assyrian capital cities: royal authority and
bodily experience. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, Cambridge, v. 26, n. 2, p. 243-264, 2016.
Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.1017/S0959774315000578>.
TILLEY, Christopher. Interpreting material culture. In: HODDER, Ian (ed.). The meaning of
things: material culture and symbolic expression. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. p. 185-194.
TILLEY, Christopher. Materiality in materials. Archaeological Dialogues, Cambridge, v. 14, n. 1,
p. 16-20, 2007. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.1017/S1380203807002139>.
TINNEY, Steve. Texts, tablets, and teaching: scribal education in Nippur and Ur. Expedition,
Philadelphia, v. 40, n. 2, p. 40-50, 1998. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/3ze8lp3>. Acesso em:
ago. 2021.
TSOUPAROPOULOU, Christina. Deconstructing textuality, reconstructing materiality. In: BALKE, Thomas; TSOUPAROPOULOU, Christina (eds.). Materiality of writing in Early Mesopotamia. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2016. p. 257-276. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.1515/9783110459630-012>.
TRENTMANN, Frank. Materiality in the future of history: things, practices, and politics. Journal
of British Studies, Cambridge, v. 48, n. 2, p. 283-307, 2009. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.1086/596123>.
VANSTIPHOUT, Herman. Epics of Sumerian kings: the matter of Aratta. Atlanta: Society of
Biblical Literature, 2003.
VANSTIPHOUT, Herman. Memory and literacy in the Ancient Western Asia. In: SASSON, Jack
(ed.). Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1995. v. 4, p. 2181-2196.
VELDHUIS, Niek. Levels of literacy. In: RADNER, Karen; ROBSON, Eleanor (eds.). The Oxford
Handbook of cuneiform culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 205-224.
VERDERAME, Lorenzo. Letterature dell’antica Mesopotamia. Milano: Mondadori, 2016.
VERDERAME, Lorenzo. Text, context, and the social dimension of the writing: a case study
from the Early Dynastic Inanna Temple at Nippur. In: EVANS, Jean M.; ROBERGER, Elisa (eds.).
Ancient Near Eastern temple inventories in the Third and Second Millennia BCE: integrating
archaeological, textual, and visual sources. Gladbeck: PeWe-Verlag, 2019. p. 27-44.
VON DASSOW, Eva. Figure and ground: reading Ancient Near East sources. In: SIMPSON,
Elizabeth (ed.). The adventure of the illustrious scholar: papers presented to Oscar White
Muscarella. Leiden: Brill, 2018. p. 818-838.
WINTER, Irene. Art in empire: the royal image and the visual dimensions of Assyrian ideology.
In: WINTER, Irene (ed.). On art in the Ancient Near East. Leiden: Brill, 2010. v. 1, p. 71-108. Doi: <https://www.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004172371.i-640.14>.
WINTER, Irene. The body of the able ruler: toward an understanding of the statues of Gudea.
In: BEHRENS, Hermann et al. (eds.). Dumu-É-dub-ba-a: studies in honor of A. W. Sjöberg.
Philadelphia: The University Museum, 1989. p. 573-583.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2021 Leandro Penna Ranieri, Anita Fattori
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
Dados de financiamento
-
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
Números do Financiamento 2018/13540-7;2019/12945-6
