No entorno de escombros: notas acidentais sobre o trauma dos judeus de Salônica

Autores

  • Gabriel Mordoch University of Michigan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-8051.cllh.2021.187870

Palavras-chave:

Salônica , Holocausto, Segunda Guerra Mundial, Grécia, Albânia, Sobreviventes

Resumo

Baseando-se em fontes publicadas em inglês, francês, espanhol, judeu-espanhol (ladino), português e hebraico, este ensaio discute a Shoá (Holocausto) em Salônica (Tessalônica), Grécia, enfocando especificamente o trauma vivido pelos sobreviventes e seus descendentes. O ensaio também aborda temas ainda insuficientemente pesquisados, como a extrema pobreza entre os judeus de Thessaloniki às vésperas da Segunda Guerra Mundial, bem como a participação judaica no Exército grego na luta contra os italianos na frente albanesa em 1940-1941. Além disso, o estudo traz à luz histórias pessoais não publicadas de judeus de Thessaloniki que sobreviveram à destruição praticamente completa de sua comunidade durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Downloads

Os dados de download ainda não estão disponíveis.

Biografia do Autor

  • Gabriel Mordoch, University of Michigan
    Doutor em Estudos Lusófonos pela Ohio State University.

Referências

AGRONSKY, Gershon. Agronsky finds Saloniki Jewish Quarter after pogrom looks like Hebron following riots. Jewish Daily Bulletin, July 8, 1931.

AMZALAK, Moses. Os ideais israelitas e a guerra. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade, 1923.

AVNI, Haim. Spain, the Jews, and Franco. Translated from the Hebrew by Emanuel Shimoni. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1982.

BEN-UR, Aviva. Ladino in Print: Toward a Comprehensive Bibliography. Jewish history, v. 16, n. 3, p. 309-326, 2002.

BOWMAN, Steven B. The Agony of Greek Jews, 1940-1945. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2009.

BOWMAN, Steven B. Jews in Wartime Greece. Jewish Social Studies, v. 48, n. 1, p. 45-62, Winter 1986.

BOWMAN, Steven B. & BENMAYOR, Isaac. The Holocaust in Salonika: Eyewitness Accounts. New York: Sephardic House, 2002.

CARPI, Daniel (ed.). Italian diplomatic documents on the history of the Holocaust in Greece (1941-1943). Edited by Daniel Carpi. Tel Aviv: The Chair for the History and culture of the Jews of Salonika and Greece: The Diaspora Research Institute: Tel Aviv University, 1999.

DINELLA, Harry D. The Holocaust in Northern Greece: The war against the Sephardic Jews of Thessaloniki. Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Arts at George Mason University, 2009.

DUBLON-KNEBEL, Irith (ed.). German Foreign Office Documents on the Holocaust in Greece (1937-1944). Compiled, translated and annotated with an introduction by Irith Dublon-Knebel. Tel Aviv: The Chair for the History and Culture of the Jews of Salonika and Greece, The Goldstein-Goren Diaspora Research Center, 2007.

FLEISCHER, Hagen. Greek Jewry and Nazi Germany: The Holocaust and its Antecedents. In: Les Juifs en Grèce: Questions historiques dans la longue durée. Association pour l’étude des Juifs de Grèce; Actes du ler colloque d’Histoire Les Juifs en Grèce: Questions d’Histoire dans la longue durée, Salonique, 23-24 novembre 1991. Athènes: Editions Gavriilidis, 1995, p. 185-206.

FLEMING, K.E. Greece: a Jewish history. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2010.

FLEMING, K.E. The Stereotyped “Greek Jew” from Auschwitz-Birkenau to Israeli Popular Culture. Journal of Modern Greek Studies, v. 25, n. 1, p. 17-40, 2007.

GERBER, Jane S. Reconstructing Sepharad in Istanbul and Salonica, 1492‒1600. In: Gerber, Jane S. Cities of Splendour in the Shaping of Sephardi History. 2020. London: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, in association with Liverpool University Press, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2020, p. 171-213.

GINIO, Eyal. “Learning the beautiful language of Homer”: Judeo-Spanish speaking Jews and the Greek language and culture between the Wars. Jewish History, n. 16, p. 235-262, 2002.

GOLD, Michael. Jews without Money. New York: Liveright, 1930.

GRUSS, Susy. La ciudad de Salónica: ¿una ciudad celestial o infernal? Selected Papers from the Fifteenth British Conference on Judeo-Spanish Studies. Ed. Hilary Pomeroy, Christopher J. Pountain and Elena Romero (London: Department of Iberian and Latin American Studies, Queen Mary, University of London, 2012), p. 115-128.

HADAR, Gila. Régie Vardar: a Jewish “Garden City” in Thessaloniki (1917-1943). Paper presented at Seventh International Conference on Urban History: European City in Comparative Perspective (Oct. 27-30, 2004). Disponível em: <http://pandemos.panteion.gr/index.php?op=record&pid=iid:510&lang=en>. Acesso em: 16/05/2021.

HADAR, Gila. Space and time in Saloniki on the eve of World War II, and the expulsion and destruction of Saloniki Jewry, 1939-1945. Yalkut Moreshet, n. 4, p. 42-79, 2006.

HAGOUEL, Paul. Italy’s Role in the Holocaust of Greek Jews. Sephardic Horizons, v. 10, n. 3-4, Summer – Fall 2020. Disponível em: <https://www.sephardichorizons.org/Volume10/Issue3&4/Hagouel.html>. Acesso em: 16/05/2021.

HANDELI, Yaacov. A Greek Jew from Salonica Remembers. New York: Herzl Press, 1993.

HEKIMOGLOU, E. Jewish Pauperism in Salonika, 1940–1941. In: ROZEN, Minna (ed.). The last Ottoman century and beyond: the Jews in Turkey and the Balkans 1808-1945, v. II. 2002. Tel Aviv: The Chair for the History and Culture of the Jews of Salonika and Greece, The Goldstein-Goren Diaspora Research Center, 2002, p. 195-205.

KABELI, Isaac. The Resistance of the Greek Jews. Yivo Annual of Jewish Social Science, v. 8, p. 281-288, 1953.

KRÁLOVÁ, Kateřina. “Being traitors”: post-war Greece in the experience of Jewish partisans. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, v. 17, n. 2, p. 263-280, 2017. <https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2017.1324277>.

KLARSFELD, Serge. Le mémorial de la déportation des Juifs de France. Edité et publié par Beate et Serge Klarsfeld. Paris, 1978.

KOBRIN, Nancy Hartevelt. Uriel da Costa, J. M. da Costa, M.D. What’s Freud got to do with it? Or how Ladino and Sephardic culture inform psychoanalysis and trauma studies. In: BUNIS, David (ed.). Languages and Literatures of Sephardic and Oriental Jews. 2009. Jerusalem: The Bialik Institute–Misgav Yerushalayim, 2009, p. 306-318.

KŌNSTANTOPOULOU, Phōteinē, & VEREMĒS, Thanos (eds.). Documents on the History of the Greek Jews: Records from the Historical Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2nd ed. Athens: Kastaniotis Editions, 1999.

KOUNIO AMARIGLIO, Erika Myriam. From Thessaloniki to Auschwitz and back: memories of a survivor from Thessaloniki. Translated into English by Theresa Sundt (née Amariglio). London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2000.

KOUNIO, Heinz Salvator. A Liter of Soup and Sixty Grams of Bread: The Diary of Prisoner Number 109565. [New York]: Published for Sephardic House by Bloch Publishing Company, 2003.

LEIBIUSKY, Javier. L’immigration Judéo-Espagnole à Buenos Aires: histoire d’une communauté invisible (1876-1930). İstanbul: Libra Kitapçılık ve Yayıncılık, 2019.

LEVI, Primo. É Isto Um Homem? Tradução de Luigi Del Re. Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, 1988.

LEVI, Primo. Se Questo è un Uomo. Torino: F. De Silva, [1947].

LEVI, Primo. La Tregua. Torino: Einaudi, 1963.

LÉVY, Isaac Jack. The Sephardim in the Holocaust: A Forgotten People. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, 2020.

LEWKOWICZ, Bea. The Jewish Community of Salonika: History, Memory, Identity. London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2006.

MALLI, Çağlar (dir.). The Final Hour. Based on the story of Deniz Bensusan and her family. United Kingdom: Case Productions UK, 2019. Institutional streaming (77 min), son., color.

MATALON, Moshe Emanuel. La Imigrasion. La Epoka, 8/Jan/1904, p. 4. Disponível em: <https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/lep/1904/01/08/01/?&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxTI--------------1>. Acesso em: 16/05/2021.

MATSAS, Joseph. The Participation of the Greek Jews in the National Resistance, 1940-1944. Journal of the Hellenic diaspora, n. 17, p. 55-68, 1991.

MATSAS, Michael. The Illusion of Safety: The Story of the Greek Jews during World War II. New York, NY: Pella Pub. Co, 1997.

MAYS, Devi. Forging Ties, Forging Passports: Migration and the Modern Sephardi Diaspora. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2020.

MAZOWER, Mark. Inside Hitler’s Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941-1944. Yale University Press, 1993.

MAZOWER, Mark. Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950. 1st American ed., Knopf: Distributed by Random House, 2005.

MELAMMED, Renée Levine. An Ode to Salonika: The Ladino Verses of Bouena Sarfatty. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2013.

MENASCHE, Albert. Birkenau (Auschwitz II): memories of an eyewitness: how 72,000 Greek Jews perished. By Albert Menasche, number 124.454. New York, N.Y.: I. Saltiel, 1947.

MERON, Orly C. Jewish entrepreneurship in Salonica, 1912-1940: An ethnic economy in transition. Brighton; Portland: Sussex Academic Press, 2011.

MOISIS, Asher. Yehudim be-tsava Yaṿan. In: SLUTSKI, Yehudah, and Mordekhai Ḳaplan (eds.), Ḥayalim Yehudim bi-tsivʼot Eropah. Tel Aviv: Maʻarakhot, 1967, p. 182-185.

MOLHO, Michael. In memoriam: hommage aux victimes juives des nazis en Grèce. Seconde édition revue et augmentée par Joseph Nehama. Thessalonique: Communauté Israélite de Thessalonique, 1973.

MOLHO, Rena. The Jewish Community of Salonika and its incorporation into the Greek State 1912-19. Middle Eastern Studies, v. 24, n. 4, p. 391-403, Oct. 1988.

MOLHO, Rena. Jewish working-class neighborhoods established in Salonica following the 1890 and 1917 fires. In: ROZEN, Minna (ed.). The last Ottoman century and beyond: the Jews in Turkey and the Balkans 1808-1945, v. II. 2002. Tel Aviv: The Chair for the History and Culture of the Jews of Salonika and Greece, The Goldstein-Goren Diaspora Research Center, 2002, p. 173-194.

MOLHO, Rena. Judeo-Spanish, a Mediterranean language in daily use in 20th Century Salonica. In: Cultural Forum of the Jewish Community of Thessaloniki: Ir Vaem Beisrael. Vol. 1. 2003. Greece: Ets Ahaim Foundation, Cultural Committee of the J.C.T., 2003, p. 13-29.

MOLHO, Rena. Salonica and Istanbul: Social, political and cultural aspects of Jewish life. Istanbul: Isis Press, 2005.

_MOLHO, Rena; WHITE, Joseph Robert. Thessalonikiē, aka Selânik or Saloniki. In: The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945. Vol. II, Part A, Ghettos in German-occupied Eastern Europe. Volume editor, Martin Dean; contributing editor, Mel Hecker. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012, p. 1844-1848.

MORIN, Edgar. Vidal and His Family: From Salonica to Paris: The Story of a Sephardic Family in the Twentieth Century. Translated by Deborah Cowell; foreword by Alfonso Montuori. Brighton–Portland: Sussex Academic Press, 2009 [original em francês publicado em 1989, tradução ao português publicada em 2005].

NAAR, Devin E. Beyond the “Valley of Tears”: Reassessing the Narrative of Decline in Salonican Jewish Historiography. Études balkaniques, v. 3, p. 536-567, 2018.

NAAR, Devin E. From the “Jerusalem of the Balkans” to the Goldene Medina: Jewish Immigration from Salonika to the United States. American Jewish History, v. 93, n. 4, p. 435-473, Dec. 2007.

NAAR, Devin E. Jewish Salonica: Between the Ottoman Empire and Modern Greece. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2016.

PAPO, Isaac. Viaje en el ocaso de una cultura ibérica: recuerdos y reflexiones de un médico sefardí. Barcelona: Tirocinio, 2006.

PERAHIA, Léon H. Mazal, Un Salonicien Dans Les Camps de La Mort (1943-1945). Paris: Editions du Nadir; Lettre Sépharade, 2007.

PEREZ, Avner. Siniza i fumo: siklo de poemas dedikado a la memoria de Saloniko. Edision bilingue. Yerusahalayim, 1986.

PINOL, Jean-Luc. Convois: La déportation des Juifs de France. Préface de Serge Klarsfeld. Paris: Éditions du Détour, 2019.

PLAUT, J. E. Greek Jewry in the twentieth century, 1913-1983: Patterns of Jewish survival in the Greek provinces before and after the Holocaust. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1996.

POLIKER, Yehuda. Ha-Tsel sheli ṿa-ani: temunot yaldut. Tel Aviv: Sifre ʻaliyat ha-gag; Rishon le-Tsiyon: Yediʻot aḥaronot : Sifre ḥemed, 2019.

REFAEL, Shmuel. Un Grito en el silencio: La poesía sobre el Holocausto en lengua sefardí: estudio y antología. Barcelona: Tirocinio, 2008.

REFAEL, Shmuel. (ed.). Routes of Hell: Greek Jewry in the Holocaust: Testimonies. (Hebraico) Tel-Aviv: ha-Makhon le-ḥeḳer Yahadut Śaloniḳi ṿe-Irgun nitsole maḥanot ha-hashmadah yotsʾe Yaṿan be-Yiśraʾel, 1988.

REVAH, S. Sochetá podrida: shenas de la vida reala de Salonico. Salonica: Biblioteca del Escambel, 1930.

RIVLIN, Bracha. Mutual-aid societies in Greek-Jewish communities. In: Les Juifs en Grèce: Questions historiques dans la longue durée. Association pour l’Étude du Judaïsme de Grèce; Actes du ler colloque d’Histoire Les Juifs en Grèce: Questions d’Histoire dans la longue durée, Salonique, 23-24 novembre 1991. Athènes: Editions Gavriilidis, 1995, p. 95-101.

ROTHÉA, Xavier. Les Judéo-Espagnols à Marseille dans la première moitié du XXe siècle: De l’espoir à la catastrophe. Paris: Éditions Pétra, 2019.

ROZEN, Minna. Money, Power, Politics and the Great Fire of 1917. Jewish Social Studies, v. 22, n. 2, p. 74-115, 2017.

SALEM, Stella. The old Jewish Cemetery of Thessaloniki. In: Cultural Forum of the Jewish Community of Thessaloniki: Ir Vaem Beisrael. v. 1. 2003. Greece: Ets Ahaim Foundation, Cultural Committee of the J.C.T., 2003, p. 49-59.

SALTIEL, Leon. Dehumanizing the Dead: The Destruction of Thessaloniki’s Jewish Cemetery in the Light of New Sources. Yad Vashem Studies, v. 42, n. 1, p. 1-35, 2014.

SÁNCHEZ, José M. Pius XII and the Holocaust: Understanding the Controversy. Washington, District of Columbia: Catholic University of America Press, 2002.

SCHOCHET, Simon. Feldafing. Vancouver: November House, 1983.

SINGERMAN, Robert. Spanish and Portuguese Jewry: A Classified Bibliography. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1993.

SPIEGELMAN, Art. Maus a survivor's tale: my father bleeds History. New York: Pantheon Books, 1986.

SROUGO, Shai. The Jewish Laborers in the Port of Thessaloniki: between the Ottoman World and the Greek Nation State (1869-1936). (Hebraico) Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2014.

SROUGO, Shai. The Jewish workers in the port of Thessaloniki (1939-1943): Their war experience as workers, Greeks and Jews. Journal of Modern European History, v. 18, n.3, p. 352-373, 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1611894420924909.

STEIN, Sarah Abrevaya. Family Papers: a Sephardic Journey through the Twentieth Century. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019.

STROUMSA, Jacques. Tu choisiras la vie: violoniste à Auschwitz. Préface de Beate Klarsfeld. Paris: Les éditions du Cerf, 1998.

USQUE, Samuel. Consolação às tribulações de Israel. Ferrara: Abraham aben Usque, 1553.

VENEZIA, Shlomo Sonderkommando: Dans L'enfer des chambres à gaz. En collaboration avec Béatrice Prasquier; préface de Simone Veil. Paris: Michel, 2007.

WILSON, Francesca. M. Aftermath: France, Germany, Austria, Yugoslavia 1945 and 1946. West Drayton: Penguin Books, 1947.

YAARI, Abraham. Catalogue of Judaeo-Spanish books in the Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem. Jerusalem: University Press, 1934 (em hebraico).

ZAFIRIS, Christos. Thessaloniki of the Jews: History, Society, Monuments. Thessaloniki: The Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki; Epikentro, 2017.

ZEZZA, Stefania. Primo Levi, Salonika and “other great Greek matters”. Trauma and Memory, v. 2, n. 2, p. 50-56, 2014.

ZEZZA, Stefania. “A man who has no shoes is a fool”: The Salonikan Jews in the Concentration Camps. Sephardic Horizons, v. 6, n. 3-4, Summer – Fall 2016. Disponível em: <https://www.sephardichorizons.org/Volume6/Issue3-4/Zezza.html>. Acesso em: 16/05/2021.

Downloads

Publicado

2021-10-01

Edição

Seção

HISTÓRIA E ABORDAGENS SÓCIO-CULTURAIS

Como Citar

No entorno de escombros: notas acidentais sobre o trauma dos judeus de Salônica. (2021). Cadernos De Língua E Literatura Hebraica, 19, 3-36. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-8051.cllh.2021.187870