A agricultura americana caminha para a sustentabilidade?
Palavras-chave:
sustentabilidade, agricultura, Estados Unidos, século XXI, pecuária, forragensResumo
Este artigo discute as principais dificuldades a serem enfrentadas para que a agricultura americana caminhe na direção da sustentabilidade.
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Os relatórios, artigos e livros listados a seguir foram usados como material básico na composição deste artigo.
Necessidades de Pesquisa e Estrutura da Indústria da Carne Bovina
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MILLER, B. Part one, chapter 1 Agriculture and the economy. Alternative agriculture. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press, 1989b, p. 25-88. RUTTAN, V. W. (ed.) Biological and technical constraints on crop and animal productivity: report on a dialogue. Staff Papers Series. St. Paul: Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota. Staff Paper
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WARD, G. E. Meatpacker concentration effects known, may not be harmful. Feedstuffs, Jan 22, 1990, p. 15. Necessidades Nutricionais e Fisiologia dos Bovinos de Corte ENSMINGER, M. E. & OLENTINE JR., G. G. Feeds & nutrition complete.
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HEITSGHMIDT, R. K., CONNER, J. R., CANON, S. K., PINGHAK, W. E., WALKER, J. W. & DOWHOWER, S. L. Cow/calf production and economic returns from yearlong continuous, deferred rotation and rotational grazing treatments. J. Prod. Agric., v. 3, n. 1, p. 92-99, 1990.
KLOPFENSTEIN, T., LEWIS, M. & STOCK, R. Economics of growing-finishing systems. 1990 Beef Cattle Report. Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1990, p. 75-77.
LEWIS, M., KLOPFENSTEIN, T, NIELSEN, M., STOCK, R. & HUNT, G. Forage versus grain finishing systems and the fate of increased weaning weight due to an increased level of milk. 1989 Beef Cattle Report. Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1989, p. 29-31.
LOEWER, O. J. Issues on modeling grazing systems. Grazing research: design, methodology, and analysis. CSSA Special Publication Nº 16. Crop Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy. Madison, Wis., 1989, p. 127-36.
LOEWER, O. J. & PARSCH, L. D. Beef-forage prodution modeling. Arkansas farm research. Arkansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Sept./Oct. 1988, p. 7.
LOEWER, O. J., TURNER, L. W., GARY, N, MUNTIFERING, R. & BROWN, C. J. Using the concept of physiological age to predict the efficiency of growth in beef animals. Agricultural Systems 24. England: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd., 1987, p. 269-89. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. Board on Agriculture. Appendix Biology of growth. Designing foods: animal product options in the marketplace. Washington, D. G.: National Academy Press, 1988a, p. 135-83.
LOEWER, O. Appendix - Hormonal regulation growth. Designing foods: animal product options in the marketplace. Washington, D. G.: National Academy Press, 1988b, p. 184-241.
LOEWER, O. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. Washington, D. G.: National Academy Press, 1984. Saúde Animal, Salubridade dos Alimentos e Questões sobre o Tratamento dos Animais BURRIS, R. cited in One million calves die annualy from weaning stress. Cattle Today. Dec 16, 1989, p. 6.
GUITHER, H. D. & CURTIS, S. E. Changing attitudes toward animal welfare and animal rights: the meaning for the U. S. food system. The farm andfood system in transition: emerging policy issues. East Lansing: The Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University, 1983, Nº 8.
HALVERSON M. Farm animal welfare: crisis or opportunity for agriculture? Staff Papers Series. St. Paul: Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Home Economics. Staff Paper P91-1, January 1991.
INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE. Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. Committee on Human Health. Human health risks with the subtherapeutic use ofpenicillin or tetracyclines in animalfeed. Washington, D. G.: National Academy Press, 1989.
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. Cattle inspeccion. Washington, D. G.: National Academy Press, 1990.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. Board on Agriculture. Part one, chapter 4 Economic evaluation of alternative farming systems. Alternative agriculture.
Washington, D. G.: National Academy Press, 1989, p. 195-244.
Washington, D. G. Commission on Life Sciences. Food and Nutrition Board. Meat and poultry inspection the scientific basis ofthe Nation's Program. Washington, D. G.: National Academy Press, 1985.
SWANSON, W. & SCHULTZ, G. Prime rip. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1982, p. 25-26, 141.
TROUTT, F., NORMAN, B. & EDMUNDSON, A. Antibiotics in beef production. Chemical use in animalproduction: issues and alternatives. University of California, Agricultural Issues Center, 1989.
Impactos Ambientais dos Sistemas de Produção de Carne Bovina
DAUGHERTY, A. B. U. S. grazing lands. Statistical Bulletin Nº 771. Washington, D. G.: U. S. Department of Agriculture, January 1989.
DURNING, A. B. & BROUGH, H. B. Taking stock: animal farming and the environment. Worldwatch Paper 103. Washington, D. G.: Worldwatch Institute, July 1991. MIDWEST PLAN SERVICE COMMITTEE. Livestock waste facilities handbook. Ames: Iowa State University, 1985.
MOSLER, A., SGHIMEL, D., VALENTINE, D. & BRONSON, K. Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in native, fertilized and cultivated grasslands. Nature 350. London: Macmillan Magazines, Ltd., March 28, 1991, p. 330-32.
MUIRHEAD, S. Nutrition and health: strategies available for reducing ruminant methane emissions. Feedstuffs. Nov. 12, 1990, p. 10, 22.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. Board on Agriculture. Part two, chapter 10 - Livestock farming in Colorado: Goleman natural beef. Alternative agriculture. Washington, D. G.: National Academy Press, 1989, p. 388-97.
PIMENTAL, D, DRITSGHILO, W., KRUMMEL, J. & KUTZMAN, J. Energy and land constraints in food protein production. Science, 190, p. 754-56, 1975.
WUERTHNER, G. Thoroughly cowed. Sierra, September-October 1990, p. 37-43.
Sistemas de Produção com Base em Forragens e Tendências do Uso da Terra ALLEN, V. G., HAMILTON, L. A., WOLF, D. D., FONTENOT, J. P.,
TERRILL, T. H. & NOTTER, D. R. Yield and regrowth characteristics of alfalfa grazed with sheep. II. Summer grazing. Agron. /., 78, p. 979-85, 1986a. ALLEN, V. G., WOLF D. D., FONTENOT, J. P., CARDINA, J. & NOTTER, D. R. Yield and regrowth characteristics of alfalfa grazed with sheep. I. Sheep grazing. Agron. 78, p. 974-79, 1986b. ANGIRASA, A. K. Simulating differences in net returns from beef production under alternative forage systems and management practices. Agricultural
Systems 177 England: Elsevier Applied Science Publisher Ltd., 1985, p. 99-116. BAGLEY, C: P., CARPENTER JR., J. G., FEAZEL, J. I., HEMBRY, F G.,
HUFFMAN, D. G. & KOONCE, K. L. Effects of forage system on beef cow-calf productivity. J. Anim. Scis 64, p. 67B-86, 1987.
BAKER, F. H. & RAUN, N. S. The role and contributions of animals in alternative agricultural systems. Greenbelt, Mil.: Institute for Alternative Agriculture, Inc. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, v. 4, n. 3 e 4, p. 121-27, 1989.
BENBROOK, G. M. Sustainable agriculture in the 21st century: willthe grass be greener? Proceedings, 1990 American Forage and Grassland Conference. Blacksburg, Va.: Donaldson Brown Center for Continuing Education, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, June 6-9, 1990.
D'SOUZA, G. E., MAXWELL, E. W., BRYAN, W. B. & PRIGGE, E. G. Economic impacts of extended grazing systems. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, v. 5, n. 3, p. 120-25, 1990.
HALBROOK, W. A., RENEAU, D., BROWN, A. H., GLOWER, J. & GARNER, G. R. Feeder cattle production budgets for Arkansas, 1986-1987. Special Report 128. University of Arkansas, November 1987.
HAMMES JR., R. C., BLASER, R. E., FONTENOT, J. P. & BRYANT, H.T. Performance and efficiency of cows and calves related to winter feeding and management procedures and feeding levels. J. of Anim. Sci., v. 38, n. 2, p. 237-48, 1974.
HAMMES JR., R. G., BLASER, R. E., FONTENOT, J. P., BRYANT, H. T. & ENGEL, R. W. Relative value of different forages and supplements for nursing and early weaned beef calves. J. ofAnim. Sci., v. 27, n. 2, p. 509-15,
March 1968.
PETIT, H. V, SEOANE, J. R. & FLIPOT, P. M. Digestibility and voluntary intake of forages fed as hay or wilted silage to beef steers. Can J. Anim. 65, December 1985, p. 879-89.
RUSSELL, J. R., BECK, A. M. & BRASGHE, M. R. Letting cows harvest forage year-round. Leopold letter: a newsletter of Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, v. 2, n. 3. Ames, la.: Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture,
Summer 1990, p. 4-7.
SMITH JR., S. R, BOUTON, J. H. & HOVELAND, G. S. Alfalfa persistence and regrowth potential under continuous grazing. Agron. /., 81, p. 960-65, 1989.
STEEN, R. W. J. & MOORE, C. A. A comparison of silage-based and dried forage-based diets for finishing beef cattle. Anim. Prod., 47, p. 29-37, 1988.
TOPEL, D. G. The beef industry and its future. Proceedings, 1986 Forage and Grassland Conference, Athens, Georgia. Forages: the grassroots of agriculture. American Forage and Grassland Council and the University of Georgia. April
-17, 1986.
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN EXTENSION, Cooperative Extension Service. Alfalfa: quality means profits. Makingforage analysis work for you in balancing livestock rations andmarketing hay. Revised 1990.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Summary Report, 1987 National Resources Inventory. Statistical Bulletin Nº 790. Jowa State University Statistical Laboratory, 1987.
YOUNG, D. L. & PAINTER, K. M. Farm program impacts on incentives for green manure rotations, American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, v. 5, n. 3, p. 99-105, 1990.
Qualidades Nutricionais da Carne Bovina e Tendências de Consumo
BIDNER, T. D., SCHUPP, A. R., MOHAMAD, A. B., RUMORE, N. G. MONTGOMERY, R. E, BAGLEY, G. P. & McMILLIN, K. W. Acceptability of beef from angus-hereford or angus-hereford-brahman steers finished on all-forage or a high-energy diet. J. Anim. Sci. 1986, p. 381-87.
LARIGK, D. K., HEDRICK, H. B., BAILEY, M. E., WILLIAMS, J. E., HANCOCK, D. L., GARNER, G. B. & MORROW, R. E. Flavor constituents of beef as influenced by forage and grain-feeding. J. Food Sci., v. 52, n. 2, p. 245-51, 1987.
LARICK, D. K. & TURNER, B. E. Influence of finishing diet on the phospholipid composition and fatty acid profile of individual phospholipids in lean muscle of beef cattle. J. Anitn. Sci., 67, p. 2282-93, 1989.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. Board on Agriculture. Appendix Policy. Designing foods: animal product options in the marketplace, Washington, D. G.:
National Academy Press, 1988a, p. 332-56.
National Academy Press. Appendix - Production and processing options to alter composition. Designing foods: animal product options in the marketplace. Washington, D. G.:
National Academy Press, 1988b, p. 278-331.
National Academy Press. Chapter 2 Consumer concerns and animal product options. Designing foods: animal product options in the marketplace. Washington, D. G.:
NationalAcademy Press, 1988c, p. 18-44.
National Academy Press. Chapter 4 Consumer concerns and animal product options. Designing foods: animal product options in the marketplace. Washington, D. G.:
National Academy Press, 1988d, p. 63-97. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. "Select" beef is helping consumers make a better choice. USDA information sheet. April 1990
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Copyright (c) 1994 Charles M. Benbrook
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O detentor dos direitos autorais da revista é o Departamento de Economia da Faculdade de Economia, Administração, Contabilidade e Atuária da Universidade de São Paulo.
