Política comercial estratégica europeia e o crescimento das exportações brasileiras ao longo do século XIX
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-53575211cdaPalavras-chave:
Brasil, Crescimento das exportações, Política comercial, Café, AçúcarResumo
Até o boom da borracha na Amazônia, a cana-de-açúcar e o café eram os dois produtos de exportação mais importantes do Brasil durante o século XIX. Apesar das diferenças inerentes nos métodos de cultivo, tanto o açúcar quanto o café se beneficiaram e sofreram com as características da dotação de fatores do Brasil em terra, trabalho e capital. No entanto, esses dois productos de exportação demonstraram padrões de crescimento divergentes ao longo do século XIX. A diferença não era na produtividade relativa e, portanto, na desvantagem da competitividade de preços, mas na natureza imperfeitamente competitiva do mercado internacional para cada mercadoria. Os governos europeus praticavam ativamente uma política comercial estratégica para transferir lucros de empresas estrangeiras para empresas domésticas ou coloniais. Essas distorções de mercado eram exógenas, impostas pelos mercados consumidores, e tomaram a forma de preferências tarifárias coloniais europeias e subsídios à produção doméstica. O café sofreu menos com a concorrência imperfeita, permanecendo mais lucrativo para os produtores agrícolas brasileiros no longo prazo.
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