Negociar inclusão pelo clientelismo: democracias neoliberais, pobreza e desigualdade

Autores

  • Tina Hilgers Concordia University
  • Jean François Mayer Concordia University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11606/extraprensa2022.202032

Palavras-chave:

Clientelismo, Neoliberalismo, Democracia, Pobreza, Desigualdade

Resumo

Teoricamente, a democracia racional-legal e a economia neoliberal deveriam desencorajar o clientelismo, mas o clientelismo continua difundido na América Latina. Quais são as raízes dessa desconexão entre teoria e realidade? Defendemos que a continuidade do clientelismo se deve em grande parte aos efeitos das políticas econômicas neoliberais: a escassez de recursos estatais e o aumento dos níveis de pobreza e desigualdade. Sugerimos ainda que a intensidade do clientelismo deve diminuir quando as instituições democráticas formais e os sistemas econômicos forem capazes de lidar com a pobreza e a desigualdade de forma eficiente e responsiva. Usamos o Brasil como estudo de caso para ilustrar a nossa tese.

Downloads

Os dados de download ainda não estão disponíveis.

Biografia do Autor

  • Tina Hilgers , Concordia University

    Professora Associada de Ciência Política da Concordia University (Montreal, Canadá), Diretora do Laboratório de Estudos Latino-Americanos e Caribenhos da Concordia University (LLACS), e Pesquisadora da Equipe de Pesquisa em Inclusão e Governança na América Latina (ERIGAL). Entre outras publicações, ela é organizadora (com Jorge Luiz Barbosa) do livro Identidade, Território e Política no contexto de violência na América Latina, Rio de Janeiro: Observatório de Favelas

  • Jean François Mayer, Concordia University

    Professor Associado de Ciência Política da Concordia University (Montreal, Canadá), Pesquisador da Equipe de Pesquisa em Inclusão e Governança na América Latina (ERIGAL), Pesquisador do Grupo de Trabalho CLACSO sobre Epistemologias, Territorialidades e Culturas Decoloniais, e Pesquisador do Laboratório de Estudos Latino-Americanos e Caribenhos da Concordia University (LLACS). Dr. Mayer também colabora com o Sindicato das Trabalhadoras Domésticas do Município de São Paulo (STDMSP).

Referências

ANSELL, Aaron. Brazil’s social safety net under Lula. NACLA Reporting on the Americas, Nova York, v. 44, n. 2, p. 23-26, 2011.

ANSELL, Aaron; MITCHELL, Ken. Models of clientelism and policy change: the case of conditional cash transfer programmes in Mexico and Brazil. Bulletin of Latin American Research, Hoboken, v. 30, n. 2, p. 298-312, 2011.

ARIAS, Desmond. The dynamics of criminal gouvernance: networks and social order in Rio de Janeiro. Journal of Latin American Studies, v. 38, n. 2, p. 293-325, 2006.

AUYERO, Javier. Performing Evita: a tale of two Peronist women. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, Thousand Oaks, v. 27, n. 4, p. 461-493, 1999a.

AUYERO, Javier. “From the client’s point(s) of view”: how poor people perceive and evaluate political clientelism. Theory and Society, Heidelberg, v. 28, n. 2, p. 297-334, 1999b.

BAVISKAR, Siddhartha; MALONE, Mary Fran T. What democracy means to citizens – and why it matters. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Amsterdam, n. 76, p. 3-23, 2004.

BECHLE, Karsten. Neopatrimonialism in Latin America: prospects and promises of a neglected concept. GIGA Working Papers, Hamburgo, n. 153, 2010.

BIRDSALL, Nancy; LUSTIG, Nora; MCLEOD, Darryl. Declining inequality in Latin America: some economics, some politics. Center for Global Development Working Paper, Washington, DC, n. 251, 2011.

BRINKS, Daniel M. The rule of (non)law: prosecuting police killings in Brazil and Argentina. In: HELMKE, Gretchen; LEVITSKY, Steven (ed.). Informal institutions and democracy: lessons from Latin America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. p. 201-226.

BROWN, Wendy. Neo-liberalism and the end of liberal democracy. Theory & Event, Baltimore, v. 7, n. 1, 2003.

CENTENO, Miguel Angel; PORTES, Alejandro. The informal economy in the shadow of the State. In: FERNÁNDEZ-KELLY, Patricia; SHEFNER, Jon (ed.). Out of the shadows: political action and the informal economy in Latin America. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006. p. 23-48.

CORNELIUS, Wayne A. Politics and the migrant poor in Mexico City. Redwood City: Stanford University Press, 1975.

DAHL, Robert A. Polyarchy: participation and opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971.

DAÏEFF, Lorenzo. Social policies for social polities: how conditional cash transfers are undermining traditional patrons in Northeast Brazil. Revue Interventions Économiques, Montreal, n. 56, p. 1-23, 2016.

DURAZO HERRMANN, Julián. Reflections on regime change and democracy in Bahia, Brazil. Latin American Research Review, Cambridge, v. 49, n. 3, p. 23-44, 2014.

ECLAC – Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Rate of growth of annual gross domestic product (GDP) at constant prices. Santiago de Chile, 2018a. Base de dados. Disponível em: http://bit.ly/3YFbxGr. Acesso em: 16 fev. 2023.

ECLAC – Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Annual growth rate of the consumer prices index: december to december. Santiago de Chile, 2018b. Base de dados. Disponível em: http://bit.ly/41XFYKV. Acesso em: 7 jun. 2022.

ECLAC – Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Gini coefficient. Santiago de Chile, 2018c. Base de dados. Disponível em: http://bit.ly/41XFYKV. Acesso em: 7 jun. 2022.

ECLAC – Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Distribution of national income by deciles, by geographic areas. Santiago de Chile, 2018d. Base de dados. Disponível em: http://bit.ly/41XFYKV. Acesso em: 7 jun. 2022.

ECLAC – Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Population living below the extreme poverty and poverty by geographical areas. Santiago de Chile, 2018e. Base de dados. Disponível em: http://bit.ly/41XFYKV. Acesso em: 7 jun. 2022.

ECLAC – Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Distrust in the political and state institutions by sex. Santiago de Chile, 2018f. Base de dados. Disponível em: http://bit.ly/41XFYKV. Acesso em: 7 jun. 2022.

ECLAC – Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Percentage of people who believe that democracy is the best form of government by sex. Santiago de Chile, 2018g. Base de dados. Disponível em: http://bit.ly/41XFYKV. Acesso em: 7 jun. 2022.

ECLAC – Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Unemployment rate by sex. Santiago de Chile, 2018h. Base de dados. Disponível em: http://bit.ly/41XFYKV. Acesso em: 7 jun. 2022.

ECLAC – Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Statistical yearbook of Latin America and the Caribbean. Eclac: Santiago de Chile, 2013. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3JwhzES. Acesso em: 8 jun. 2022.

FARMER, Paul. An anthropology of structural violence. Current Anthropology, Chicago, v. 45, n. 3, p. 305-325, 2004.

FELDER, Ruth; PATRONI, Viviana. Austerity and its aftermath: neoliberalism and labour in Argentina. Socialist Studies, Edmonton, v. 7, n. 1-2, p. 259-281, 2011.

FERNÁNDEZ-KELLY, Patricia; SHEFNER, Jon (ed.). Out of the shadows: political action and the informal economy in Latin America. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006.

GALTUNG, Johan. Violence, peace and peace research. Journal of Peace Research, Thousand Oaks, v. 6, n. 3, p. 167-191, 1969.

GANS-MORSE, Jordan; MAZZUCA, Sebastián; NICHTER, Simeon. Varieties of clientelism: machine politics during elections. American Journal of Political Science, Bloomington, v. 58, n. 2, p. 415-432, 2014.

GAY, Robert. Clientelism, democracy, and violence in Rio de Janeiro. In: HILGERS, Tina (ed.). Clientelism in everyday Latin American politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. p. 81-98.

GAY, Robert. The even more difficult transition from clientelism to citizenship: Lessons from Brazil. In: FERNÁNDEZ-KELLY, Patricia; SHEFNER, Jon (ed.). Out of the shadows: political action and the informal economy in Latin America. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006. p. 195-217.

GAY, Robert. The broker and the thief: a parable (reflections on popular politics in Brazil). Luso-Brazilian Review, Madison, v. 36, n. 1, p. 49-70, 1999.

GELLNER, Ernest. Patrons and clients. In: GELLNER, Ernest; WATERBURY, John (ed.). Patrons and clients in Mediterranean societies. London: Duckworth, 1977. p. 1-6.

GERRING, John; THACKER, Strom C. Do neoliberal policies deter political corruption? International Organization, Cambridge, v. 59, n. 1, p. 233-254, 2005.

GRINDLE, Merilee Serrill. Bureaucrats, politicians, and peasants in Mexico: a case study in public policy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.

GRUGEL, Jean; RIGGIROZZI, Pia. Post-neoliberalism in Latin America: rebuilding and reclaiming the state after crisis. Development and Change, Hoboken, v. 43, n. 1, p. 1-21, 2012.

HABERMAS, Jürgen. Between facts and norms: contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1996.

HAGOPIAN, Frances. Government performance, political representation, and public perceptions of contemporary democracy in Latin America. In: HAGOPIAN, Frances; MAINWARING, Scott P. (ed.). The third wave of democratization in Latin America: advances and setbacks. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. p. 319-362.

HAGOPIAN, Frances; MAINWARING, Scott P. (ed.). The third wave of democratization in Latin America: advances and setbacks. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

HALL, Anthony. The last shall be first: political dimensions of conditional cash transfers in Brazil. Journal of Policy Practice, Berlin, v. 11, n. 1-2, p. 25-41, 2012.

HALL, Anthony. Brazil’s Bolsa Família: a double-edged sword? Development and Change, Hoboken, v. 39, n. 5, p. 799-822, 2008.

HALL, Anthony. From Fome Zero to Bolsa Família: social policies and poverty alleviation under Lula. Journal of Latin American Studies, Cambridge, v. 38, n. 4, n. 689-709, 2006.

HARVEY, David. A brief history of neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

HELLMAN, Judith Adler. Mexican popular movements, clientelism, and the process of democratization. Latin American Perspectives, Thousand Oaks, v. 21, n. 2, p. 124-142, 1994.

HELMKE, Gretchen; LEVITSKY, Steven (ed.). Informal institutions and democracy: lessons from Latin America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.

HILGERS, Tina. “Who is using whom?” Clientelism from the client’s perspective. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research, Oxfordshire, v. 15, n. 1, p. 51-75, 2009.

HILGERS, Tina. Clientelism and conceptual stretching: differentiating among concepts and among analytical levels. Theory and Society, Thousand Oaks, v. 40, n. 5, p. 567-588, 2011.

HOLLAND, Alisha C. Forbearance as redistribution: the politics of informal welfare in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017.

HUNTER, Wendy; SUGIYAMA, Natasha Borges. Transforming subjects into citizens: insights from Brazil’s Bolsa Família. Perspectives on Politics, Cambridge, v. 12, n. 4, p. 829-845, 2014.

HUNTER, Wendy; POWER, Timothy J. Rewarding Lula: executive power, social policy, and the Brazilian elections of 2006. Latin American Politics and Society, Cambridge, v. 49, n. 1, p. 1-30, 2007.

ILO – International Labour Organization. Key Indicators of the Labour Market. Geneva, 2018. Base de dados. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3Lg375c. Acesso em: 10 jun. 2022.

ILO – International Labour Organization. The International Institute for Labour Studies. Brazil: an innovative income-led strategy. Geneva: The International Institute for Labour Studies, 2011. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3J0tWbU. Acesso em 10 jun. 2022.

IPEA – Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada. Ipeadata. Macroeconômico. Temas. Emprego. Brasília: Ipea, 2018. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3Y7vOUS. Acesso em: 9 jun. 2022.

ISBESTER, Katherine. Issues and institutions in Latin American governance. In: ISBESTER, Katherine. The paradox of democracy in Latin America: ten country studies of division and resilience. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011. p. 77-104.

KENNEMORE, Amy; WEEKS, Gregory. Twenty-first century socialism? The elusive search for a post-neoliberal development model in Bolivia and Ecuador. Bulletin of Latin American Research, Londres, v. 30, n. 3, p. 267-281, 2011.

KITSCHELT, Herbert; WILKINSON, Steven I. (ed.). Patrons, clients, and policies: patterns of democratic accountability and political competition. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

KLIASS, Paulo. Lula’s political economy: crisis and continuity. NACLA Report on the Americas, Washington, DC, v. 44, n. 2, p. 19-22, 2011.

LANDÉ, Carl H. Introduction: the dyadic basis of clientelism. In: SCHMIDT, Steffen W. et al. (ed.). Friends, followers, and factions: a reader in political clientelism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977. p. 75-99.

LATINOBARÓMETRO. Informe de prensa Latinobarómetro 1995. Santiago de Chile, 1995. Disponível em: http://bit.ly/3LeREmC. Acesso em: 30 mar. 2022.

LATINOBARÓMETRO. Informe de prensa Latinobarómetro 1996. Santiago de Chile, 1996. Disponível em: http://bit.ly/3LeREmC. Acesso em: 30 mar. 2022.

LATINOBARÓMETRO. Informe de prensa Latinobarómetro 2001. Santiago de Chile, 2001. Disponível em: http://bit.ly/3LeREmC. Acesso em: 30 mar. 2022.

LATINOBARÓMETRO. Informe de prensa Latinobarómetro 2017. Santiago de Chile, 2017. Disponível em: http://bit.ly/3LeREmC. Acesso em: 30 mar. 2022.

LAZAR, Sian. Personalist politics, clientelism and citizenship: local elections in El Alto, Bolivia. Bulletin of Latin American Research, v. 23, p. 228-243, 2004.

LAZAR, Sian. El Alto, Rebel city: self and citizenship in Andean Bolivia. Durham:

Duke University Press, 2008.

LEVITSKY, Steven. Argentina: democratic survival amidst economic failure. In: HAGOPIAN, Frances; MAINWARING, Scott P. (ed.). The third wave of democratization in Latin America: advances and setbacks. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. p. 63-89.

LIJPHART, Arend. Electoral systems and party systems: a study of twenty-seven democracies, 1945-1990. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

LIJPHART, Arend. Constitutional design for divided societies. In: DIAMOND, Larry; PLATTNER, Marc F. (ed.). Democracy: a reader. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. p. 139-152.

LOMNITZ, Larissa Adler. Informal exchange networks in formal systems: a theoretical model. American Anthropologist, Hopewell, v. 90, n. 1, p. 42-55, 1988.

LUSTIG, Nora; LOPEZ-CALVA, Luis F.; ORTIZ-JUAREZ, Eduardo. Deconstructing the decline in inequality in Latin America. Policy Research Working Paper, Washington, DC, n. 6552, 2013.

MAYER, Jean François. The limits of labor legislation reforms: rigidity, growth, and employment in Brazil (1995-2010). Journal of Politics in Latin America, Thousand Oaks, v. 8, n. 1, p. 95-127, 2016.

MCMICHAEL, Philip. Development and social change: a global perspective. Fifth Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2012.

MONTAMBEAULT, Françoise. The politics of local participatory democracy in Latin America: institutions, actors, and interactions. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015.

MORAIS, Lécio; SAAD-FILHO, Alfredo. Da economia política à política econômica: o novodesenvolvimentismo e o governo Lula. Revista de Economia Política, São Paulo, v. 31, n. 4, p. 507-527, dez. 2011. Disponível em: http://bit.ly/3ZBSOg0. Acesso em: 2 jun. 2022.

MORLEY, Samuel A. The income distribution problem in Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago: United Nations; CEPAL/ECLAC Books, 2001.

NYLEN, William R. Participatory democracy versus elitist democracy: lessons from Brazil. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

OCAMPO, José Antonio. Latin America’s growth and equity frustrations during structural reforms. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Pittsburgh, v. 18, n. 2, p. 67-88, 2004.

O’DONNELL, Guillermo. On the state, democratization and some conceptual problems: A Latin American view with glances at some post-communist countries. World Development, Amsterdam, v. 21, n. 8, p. 1355-1369, ago. 1993.

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES. Inequality and social inclusion in the Americas: 14 essays. 2. ed. Washington, DC: Organization of American States, 2014.

OXHORN, Philip. Social inequality, civil society, and the limits of citizenship in Latin America. In ECKSTEIN, Susan Eva; WICKHAM-CROWLEY, Timothy P. (ed.). What Justice? Whose Justice? Fighting for Fairness in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. p. 35-63.

PELLICER, Miquel; WEGNER, Eva. Electoral rules and clientelistic parties: a regression discontinuity approach. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, Boston, v. 8, n. 4, p. 339-371, out. 2013.

PEREIRA, Anthony W. Bolsa Família and democracy in Brazil. Third World Quarterly, Abingdon, v. 36, n. 9, p. 1682-1699, set. 2015.

PERLMAN, Janice E. Favela: four decades of living on the edge in Rio de Janeiro. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

PSACHAROPOULOS, George et al. Poverty and income inequality in Latin America during the 1980s. The Review of Income and Wealth, Hoboken, v. 41, n. 3, p. 245-264, set. 1995.

PUTNAM, Robert D.; LEONARDI, Robert; NANETTI, Raffaella Y. Making democracy work: civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.

SAAD-FILHO, Alfredo. Growth, poverty and inequality: from Washington Consensus to inclusive growth. New York, NY: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2010. (DESA Working Paper No. 100). Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3FflWl9. Acesso em: 2 jun. 2022.

SCHMIDT, Steffen W. et al. (ed.). Friends, followers, and factions: a reader in political clientelism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.

SCHMITTER, Philippe C.; KARL, Terry Lynn. What Democracy is… and is not. Journal of Democracy, Washington, DC, v. 2, n. 3, p. 75-88, 1991.

SCHUMPETER, J. Capitalism, socialism & democracy. Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003.

SCOTT, James C. Patron-client politics and political change in Southeast Asia. In: SCHMIDT, Steffen W. et al. (ed.). Friends, followers, and factions: a reader in political clientelism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977. p. 123-146.

SHEFNER, Jon. What is politics for? Inequality, representation, and needs satisfaction under clientelism and democracy. In: HILGERS, Tina. Clientelism in everyday Latin American politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. p. 41-59.

SHEFNER, Jon. The illusion of civil society: democratization and community mobilization in low-income Mexico. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008.

SHEFNER, Jon. Coalitions and clientelism in Mexico. Theory and Society, New York, v. 30, n. 5, p. 593-628, out. 2001.

SILVERMAN, Sydel F. Patronage and community-nation relationships in Central Italy. Ethnology, Pittsburgh, v. 4, n. 2, p. 172-189, abr. 1965.

SOARES, Sergei. Bolsa Família: its design, its impacts and possibilities for the future. Brasília: International Policy Center for Inclusive Growth, fev. 2012. (Working Paper No. 89). Disponível em: http://bit.ly/3Laafju. Acesso em: 2 jun. 2022.

STOKES, Susan. Perverse accountability: a formal model of machine politics with evidence from Argentina. American Political Science Review, Cambridge, v. 99, n. 3, p. 315-325, set. 2005.

STOKES, Susan C. et al. Brokers, voters, and clientelism: the puzzle of distributive politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

SUGIYAMA, Natasha Borges; HUNTER, Wendy. Whither clientelism? Good governance and Brazil’s Bolsa Familia Programme. Comparative Politics, New York, v. 46, n. 1, p. 43-62, out. 2013.

SZWARCBERG, Mariela. Mobilizing poor voters: machine politics, clientelism, and social networks in Argentina. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

TEDESCO, Laura. Democracy in Argentina: hope and disillusion. London: Routledge, 1999.

TILLY, Charles. Trust and rule. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis de. Democracy in America. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2003.

VERAS SOARES, Fábio; PEREZ RIBAS, Rafael; OSÓRIO, Rafael Guerreiro. Evaluating the impact of Brazil’s Bolsa Família. Latin American Research Review, Cambridge, v. 45, n. 2, p. 186-187, set. 2010.

WEBER, Max. Economy and society: an outline of interpretive sociology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978. v. 1.

WEINGROD, Alex. Patronage and power. In: GELLNER, Ernest; WATERBURY, John (ed.). Patrons and clients in Mediterranean societies. London: Duckworth; Center for Mediterranean Studies of the American Universities Field Staff, 1977. p. 44-51.

WORLD BANK. World development indicators. Base de dados. Washington, DC, 2018. Disponível em: http://bit.ly/41XYa6Z. Acesso em: 9 jun. 2022.

ZUCCO, Cesar. The president’s ‘new’ constituency: Lula and the pragmatic vote in Brazil’s 2006 elections. Latin American Research Review, Cambridge, v. 40, n. 1, p. 29-49, fev. 2008.

Downloads

Publicado

2022-12-29

Como Citar

Negociar inclusão pelo clientelismo: democracias neoliberais, pobreza e desigualdade. (2022). Revista Extraprensa, 16(1), 52-81. https://doi.org/10.11606/extraprensa2022.202032