O colonialismo informal da Egiptologia: da missão francesa ao Estado de segurança

Autores

  • Christian Langer Universidade de Pequim

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2177-4218.v12i1p243-268

Palavras-chave:

História da Egiptologia, Decolonialidade, Eurocentrismo

Resumo

Esta contribuição é uma revisão crítica da história colonial da Egiptologia. Ele traça o desenvolvimento do campo desde seus primeiros dias sob o colonialismo europeu e a competição geopolítica intraeuropeia até o advento do controle egípcio nos tempos atuais. A exploração do passado do Egito antigo foi enquadrada como parte de uma missão civilizadora por meio da qual a Europa arrancaria o Egito das garras da dominação otomana e restauraria a terra à sua antiga grandeza, e também como um veículo para os interesses ocidentais no Nordeste da África. Por meio da Bíblia cristã e do antigo domínio grego e romano, o Egito foi posicionado como uma forma inicial de civilização ocidental, portanto, reforçando as reivindicações europeias sobre a área e possibilitando a apropriação da história egípcia. Estudiosos europeus, ao promoverem a ideia do antigo Egito como um paraíso perdido e paternalista, criaram uma estrutura ocidentalizada e um enquadramento e centro-ocidental para seu estudo, que ainda hoje inspira os padrões de produção do conhecimento, o qual pode ser identificado na produção acadêmica dos centros geográficos e nas línguas primárias em que são produzidos. Os egípcios, cada vez mais autônomos desde a descolonização formal na década de 1950, posteriormente adotaram e mantiveram as práticas estabelecidas quando o controle formal sobre o passado egípcio passou para suas mãos. As narrativas coloniais da antiguidade foram usadas para apoiar o turismo como uma economia vital e passaram a servir ao nacionalismo egípcio e à legitimação das relações de poder existentes, enquadrando a história egípcia como um contínuo do governo do homem forte. O artigo traça essa transição do colonialismo formal para o informal ao discuti-la a partir de conceitos descoloniais, tal como a matriz colonial de poder.

Downloads

Os dados de download ainda não estão disponíveis.

Biografia do Autor

  • Christian Langer, Universidade de Pequim

    Pós-doutorando na Universidade de Pequim e pesquisador visitante no Centre for History and Culture, no BNU-HKBU United International College in Zhuhai, China.

Referências

Abou El Fadl, K. (2017). Egypt’s Secularized Intelligentsia and the Guardians of Truth. In Egypt and the Contradictions of Liberalism: Illiberal Intelligentsia and the Future of Egyptian Democracy, edited by Dalia F. Fahmy and Daanish Faruqi, 235-252. London: Oneworld Publications.

Abul-Magd, Z. (2013). Imagined Empires: A History of Revolt in Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Anderson, F. (2000). Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766. New York: Vintage Books.

Anzaldúa, G. (1987). Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza. San Francisco, CA: Aunt Lute Books.

Arnold, B. (1990). The Past as Propaganda: Totalitarian Archaeology in Nazi Germany. Antiquity 64:464-478.

Badiou, A. (2001). Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil. London: Verso Books.

Blakey, M. L. (1994). American Ethnicity and Nationality in the Depicted Past. In The Politics of the Past, edited by Peter Gathercole and David Lowenthal, 38-48. London: Routledge.

Blanchard, C. M. (2014). Qatar: Background and U.S. Relations. Congressional Research Service RL31718. November 4. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL31718.pdf.

Browne, H. (2007). The Frontman: Bono (In the Name of Power). London: Verso Books.

Burleigh, N. (2007). Mirage: Napoleon's scientists and the unveiling of Egypt. New York: Harper Collins.

Busch, H. (1978). Verdi’s Aida: The History of an Opera in Letters and Documents. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Carruthers, W. E. (2014). Egyptology, Archaeology and the Making of Revolutionary Egypt, c. 1925-1958. PhD diss., University of Cambridge.

Carruthers, W. E. (2015). Introduction: Thinking about Histories of Egyptology. In Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures, edited by William E. Carruthers, 1-15. New York: Routledge.

Chakrabarty, D. (1992). Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History: Who Speaks for ‘Indian’ Pasts?. Representations 37:1-26.

Challis, D. (2013). The Archaeology of Race: the Eugenic Ideas of Francis Galton and Flinders Petrie. London: Bloomsbury.

Cockburn, P. (2015). The Rise of Islamic State: ISIS and the New Sunni Revolution. London: Verso Books. EPUB edition.

Cohen, M. A., Küpçü, M. F. & Khanna, P. (2008). The New Colonialists. Foreign Policy 164:74-79.

Cole, J. (2007). Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Curran, B A., Grafton, A., Long, P. O. & Weiss, B. (2009). Obelisk: A History. Cambridge, MA: Burndy Library.

Description de l'Égypte, ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'expédition de l'armée française: publiée par les ordres de Napoléon Bonaparte 1994. Köln: Benedikt Taschen.

Dettmer, J. (2014). U.S. Ally Qatar Shelters Jihadi Moneymen. October 12. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/10/rich-little-qatar-big-ugly-ties-to-terror.html.

Díaz-Andreu, M. (2007). A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology: Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Past. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Doyon, W. (2013). Egyptology in the Shadow of Class. In Forming Material Egypt: Proceedings of the International Conference London, 20-21 May, 2013, edited by. Patrizia Piacentini, Christian Orsenigo and Stephen Quirke, 261-272. Egyptian and Egyptological Documents, Archives, Libraries 4. Milan: Pontremoli Editore.

Doyon, W. (2015). On Archaeological Labor in Modern Egypt. In Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures, edited by William E. Carruthers, 141-156. New York: Routledge.

Dussel, E. (1998). Beyond Eurocentrism: The World-System and the Limits of Modernity. In The Cultures of Globalization, edited by Frederic Jameson and Masao Miyoshi, 3-31. Post-contemporary Interventions. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

El Daly, O. (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press.

El Shazly, Y. (2014). The Origins of the Rebellious Egyptian Personality. In Walls of Freedom: Street Art of the Egyptian Revolution, edited by Basma Hamdy and Don Karl, 6-8. Berlin: From Here To Fame Publishing.

Elshahed, M. (2015). The Old and New Egyptian Museums. In Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures, edited by William E. Carruthers, 255-269. New York: Routledge.

Elshakry, M. (2015). Histories of Egyptology in Egypt: Some Thoughts. In Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures, edited by William E. Carruthers, 185-197. New York: Routledge.

Fahmy, D. F. & Faruqi, D. (2017). Egypt and the Contradictions of Liberalism: Illiberal Intelligentsia and the Future of Egyptian Democracy, London: Oneworld Publications.

Fanon, F. (1963). The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Groove Press.

Gady, E. (2007). Champollion, Ibrahim Pacha et Méhémet Ali: aux sources de la protection des antiquités égyptiennes. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Egyptologists – Actes du Neuvième Congrès International des Égyptologues: Grenoble, 6-12 septembre 2004, edited by Jean Claude Goyon and Christine Cardin, 767-775. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 150. Leuven: Peeters.

Gallagher, J., & Robinson, R. (1953). The Imperialism of Free Trade. The Economic History Review, New Series 6(1):1-15.

Gange, D. (2015). Interdisciplinary Measures. In Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures, edited by William E. Carruthers, 64-77. New York: Routledge.

Gröndahl, M. (2012). Revolution Graffiti: Street Art of the New Egypt. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.

Habachi, L. (1977). The Obelisks of Egypt: Skyscrapers of the Past. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

Haikal, F. (2014). Reflections on Turning Points: Egypt between January 25, 2011 and June 30, 2012. Berlin: Kulturverlag Kadmos.

Hamdy, B. & Karl, D. (2014). Walls of Freedom: Street Art of the Egyptian Revolution. Berlin: From Here To Fame Publishing.

Hamzawy, A. (2017). Egyptian Liberals and Their Anti-Democratic Deceptions: a Contemporary Sad Narrative. In Egypt and the Contradictions of Liberalism: Illiberal Intelligentsia and the Future of Egyptian Democracy, edited by Dalia F. Fahmy and Daanish Faruqi, 337-359. London: Oneworld Publications.

Hassan, F. A. (1998). Memorabilia: Archaeological Materiality and National Identity in Egypt. In Archaeology Under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East, edited by Lynn Meskell, 200-216. London: Routledge.

Hassan, F. A. (2003). Imperialist Appropriations of Egyptian Obelisks. In Views of Ancient Egypt since Napoleon Bonaparte: Imperialism, Colonialism, and Modern Appropriations, edited by David Jeffreys, 19-68. London: UCL Press.

Hobsbawm, E. (1994). Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991. London: Abacus.

Horbury, M. (2003). The British and the Copts. In Views of Ancient Egypt since Napoleon Bonaparte: Imperialism, Colonialism, and Modern Appropriations, edited by David Jeffreys, 153-170. London: UCL Press.

Hunter, F. R. (1984). Egypt Under the Khedives 1805-1879: From Household Government to Modern Bureaucracy, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.

Isakhan, B. (2013). Heritage Destruction and Spikes in Violence: The Case of Iraq. In Cultural Heritage in the Crosshairs: Protecting Cultural Property during Conflict, edited by Joris D. Kila and James A. Zeidler, 219-247. Leiden: Brill.

Iskandar, A. (2013). Egypt in Flux: Essays on an Unfinished Revolution. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.

Kandil, H. (2014). Soldiers, Spies, and Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt. London: Verso Books. Second edition.

Kershaw, I. (2008). Hitler, the Germans, and the Final Solution. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Khalil, A. (2011). Liberation Square: Inside the Egyptian Revolution and the Rebirth of a Nation. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin.

Kokkinidou, D. & Nikolaidou, M. (2006). “On the Stage and Behind the Scenes: Greek Archaeology in Times of Dictatorship.” In Archaeology under Dictatorship, edited by Michael L. Galaty and Charles Watkinson, 155-190. New York: Springer.

Korany, B. & El-Mahdi, R. (2014). Arab Spring in Egypt: Revolution and Beyond, Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.

Lampridi, A. (2011). Egypt's National Interest: A 'Sociology of Power' Analysis. PhD diss., Barcelona: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/tesis/2013/hdl_10803_117451/al1de1.pdf.

Laurens, H. (1987). Les origines intellectuelles de l’éxpedition d’Égypte: l’orientalisme islamisant en France (1698-1798), Istanbul: Editions Isis.

Meskell, L. (1998). Archaeology Matters. In Archaeology Under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East, edited by Lynn Meskell, 1-12. London: Routledge.

Mignolo, W. D. (1995). The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality, and Colonization. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.

Mignolo, W. D. (1999). I am where I think: Epistemology and the Colonial Difference. Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies: Travesia 8(2):235-245.

Mignolo, W. D. (2007). Delinking: The Rhetoric of Modernity, the Logic of Coloniality and the Grammar of De-Coloniality. Cultural Studies 21(2):449-514.

Mignolo, W. D. (2012). Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges, and Border Thinking. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Second edition.

Mitchell, T. (1988). Colonising Egypt, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Mitchell, T. (2002). Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Mondal, A. A. (2003). Nationalism and Post-Colonial Identity: Culture and Ideology in India and Egypt, New York: Routledge.

Morayef, S. (2016). Pharaonic Street Art: The Challenge of Translation. In Translating Dissent: Voices From and With the Egyptian Revolution, edited by M. Baker, 194-207. London: Routledge.

Moreno García, J. C. (2009) From Dracula to Rostovtzeff or: The Misadventures of Economic History in Early Egyptology. In Das Ereignis: Geschichtsschreibung zwischen Vorfall und Befund, edited by Martin Fitzenreiter, 175-198. Internet-Beiträge zur Ägyptologie und Sudanarchäologie 10. London: Golden House Publications.

Moreno García, J. C. (2015). The Cursed Discipline? The Peculiarities of Egyptology at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century. In Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures, edited by Wiliam E. Carruthers, 50-63. New York: Routledge.

Munzi, M. (2006). Italian Archaeology in Libya: From Colonial Romanità to Decolonization of the Past. In Archaeology Under Dictatorship, edited by Michael L. Galaty and Charles Watkinson, 73-107. New York: Springer.

Negri, A. & Hardt, M. (2000). Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Omar, H. (2015). The State of the Archive: Manipulating Memory in Modern Egypt and the Writing of Egyptological Histories. In Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures, edited by William E. Carruthers, 174-184. New York: Routledge.

Osterhammel, J. & Jansen, J. C. (2012). Kolonialismus: Geschichte, Formen, Folgen. Beck’sche Reihe Wissen. München: C. H. Beck. Seventh revised edition.

Quijano, A. (2000). Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America. Nepantla. Views from the South 1(3):533-580.

Quijano, A. (2007). Coloniality and Modernity / Rationality. Cultural Studies 21(2-3):168-178.

Quirke, S. (2010). Hidden Hands: Egyptian Workforces in Petrie Excavation Archives, 1880-1924. London: Duckworth.

Quirke, S. (2013). Exclusion of Egyptians in English-directed Archaeology 1882-1922 under British Occupation of Egypt. In Ägyptologen und Ägyptologien zwischen Kaiserreich und Gründung der beiden deutschen Staaten: Reflexionen zur Geschichte und Episteme eines altertumswissenschaftlichen Fachs im 150. Jahr der Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, edited by Susanne Bickel, Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert, Antonio Loprieno and Sebastian Richter, 379-405. Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde Beihefte 1. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.

Reid, D. M. (1985). Indigenous Egyptology: The Decolonization of a Profession?. Journal of the American Oriental Society 105(2):233-246.

Reid, D. M. (2002). Whose Pharaohs? Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Reid, D. M. (2015). Contesting Antiquity in Egypt: Archaeologies, Museums & the Struggle for Identities from World War I to Nasser. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.

Riggs, C. (2013). Colonial Visions: Egyptian Antiquities and Contested Histories in the Cairo Museum. Museum Worlds: Advances in Research 1:65-84.

Roussillon, A. (1998). Republican Egypt Interpreted: Revolution and Beyond. In The Cambridge History of Egypt 2: Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century, edited by Martin W. Daly, 343-393. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rowland, J. (2014). Documenting the Qufti archaeological workforce. Egyptian Archaeology 44:10-12.

Schneider, T. (2013). Ägyptologen im Dritten Reich: Biographische Notizen anhand der sogenannten Steindorff-Liste. In Egyptology from the First World War to the Third Reich, edited by Thomas Schneider and Peter Raulwing, 120-247. Leiden: Brill.

Selak, C. B. (1955). The Suez Canal Base Agreement of 1954. The American Journal of International Law 49(4):487-505.

Sharp, J. M. (2016). Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations. Congressional Research Service RL33003. February 25. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33003.pdf.

Shenker, J. (2016). The Egyptians: A Radical Story. London: Allen Lane.

Sheppard, K. L. (2010). Flinders Petrie and Eugenics at UCL. Bulletin of the History of Archaeology 20(1):16-29.

Said, E. W. (1994). Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage Books.

Said, E. W. (2003). Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books. Twenty-fifth anniversary edition.

The Cairo Post. (2015). Economic Conference Chooses ‘Key of Life’ as Symbol Last access May 25 2017.

http://thecairopost.youm7.com/news/140850/culture/economic-conference-chooses-key-of-life-as-symbol.

Tyerman, C. (2006). God’s War: A New History of the Crusades. London: Penguin Books.

Walker, A. (2012). Indigenous Egyptology: How the Egyptian People Reclaimed Their Cultural Heritage. Last access March 22 2015.

https://www.academia.edu/3658678/Indigenous_Egyptology_How_the_Egyptian_People_Reclaimed_their_Cultural_Heritage.

Weizman, E. (2011). The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza. London: Verso Books. EPUB edition.

Wente, E. F. (2003). The Contendings of Horus and Seth. In The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry, edited by William K. Simpson, 91-103. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Winter, M. (1992). Egyptian Society under Ottoman Rule, 1517-1798, New York: Routledge.

Woons, M. & Weier, S. (2014) (in print). Borders, Borderthinking, Borderlands: Developing a Critical Epistemology of Global Politics, Bristol: E-International Relations Publishing.

Wynn, L. L. (2007). Pyramids & Nightclubs: A Travel Ethnography of Arab and Western Imaginations of Egypt, from King Tut and a Colony of Atlantis to Rumors of Sex Orgies, Urban Legends about a Marauding Prince, and Blonde Belly Dancers. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Wynn, L. L. (2008). Shape Shifting Lizard People, Israelite Slaves, and Other theories of Pyramid Building: Notes on Labor, Nationalism, and Archaeology in Egypt. Journal of Social Archaeology 8(2):272-295.

Žižek, S. (2009). First as Tragedy, Then as Farce. London: Verso Books.

Žižek, S. (2011). Living in the End Times. London: Verso Books. Revised paperback edition.

Downloads

Publicado

2021-03-12

Edição

Seção

Ensaios

Como Citar

O colonialismo informal da Egiptologia: da missão francesa ao Estado de segurança. (2021). Mare Nostrum, 12(1), 243-268. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2177-4218.v12i1p243-268