Characteristics of integrated mangrove-shrimp farming systems in Ben Tre Province, Vietnam: preliminary findings for organic shrimp production certification
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/Keywords:
Mangrove forest, Water and sediment quality, Shrimp farming practices, Vietnamese Mekong DeltaAbstract
Mangrove forests play a critical role in natural disaster resistance and provide meaningful livelihoods for local
communities, especially integrated mangrove shrimp farming (IMSF) systems. Organic shrimp certification actually
increases the value chains of shrimp farming in addition to ameliorating mangrove–forest management. Identifying
technical issues and assessing environmental risks are the leading concerns when considering organic shrimp
production certification. In this study, the technical practices of 30 households were investigated, and surface water
and sediment samples were collected in the IMSF models and adjacent rivers in the Thua Duc Forest Management
Board area, Ben Tre Province. Data collected from shrimp farming ponds and the environmental background
were referred to both the Naturland and National Standards. The results showed that the average mangrove
forest and shrimp pond ratio was 56.90:42.70 (%). Two technical issues were highlighted: (i) the use of rotenone,
known as a toxin to kill undesirable fish before stocking shrimp, and (ii) annual shrimp pond regeneration causing
increased pollution. The data showed that higher concentrations of TSS and P-PO4
3- were detected in surrounding
rivers, while surface water in either IMSF ponds or adjacent rivers slightly surpassed the permissible levels of
total Fe concentration. All parameters—including heavy metals; toxic and persistent parameters; oil and grease
and coliforms analysed in surface water, and sediment samples—were lower than the detection and permissible
levels. The results provided evidence that the IMSF’s practices and environmental characteristics were suitable for
recommending the Naturland Standards. Recommendations and technical interventions for farmers are necessary
to help reduce Fe levels and the safe use of rotenone in IMSF systems. An environmental quality monitoring
programme at the target area should be applied when launching organic shrimp production.
References
AHMED, N., THOMPSON, S. & GLASER, M. 2017.
Integrated mangrove-shrimp cultivation: potential for
blue carbon sequestration. Ambio, 47(4), 441-452.
ALAM, M. D. I., AHMED, M. U., YEASMIN, S., DEBROT,
A. O., AHSAN, M. D. N. & VERDEGEM, M. C. J. 2022.
Effect of mixed leaf litter of four mangrove species on
shrimp post larvae (Penaeus monodon, Fabricius,
performance in tank and mesocosm conditions in
Bangladesh. Aquaculture, 551, 737968.
ALAM, M. D. I., DEBROT, A. O., AHMED, M. U., AHSAN, M.
D. N. & VERDEGEM, M. C. J. 2021. Synergistic effects
of mangrove leaf litter and supplemental feed on water
quality, growth and survival of shrimp (Penaeus monodon,
Fabricius, 1798) post larvae. Aquaculture, 545, 737237.
ALONGI, D. M. 2012. Carbon sequestration in mangrove
forests. Carbon Management, 3(3), 313-322.
ALONGI, D. M., WATTAYAKORN, G., PFITZNER, J.,
TIRENDI, F., ZAGORSKIS, I., BRUNSKILL, G. J.,
DAVIDSON, A. & CLOUGH, B. F. 2001. Organic carbon
accumulation and metabolic pathways in sediments of
mangrove forests in southern Thailand. Marine Geology,
(1-2), 85-103.
APHA (American Public Health Association). 2012.
Standard methods of for the examination of water and
wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington, DC: American Public
Health Association.
BAUMGARTNER, U., KELL, S. & NGUYEN, T. H. 2016.
Arbitrary mangrove-to-water ratios imposed on
shrimp farmers in Vietnam contradict with the aims of
sustainable forest management. SpringerPlus, 5, 438.
BINH, C. T., PHILLIPS, M. J. & DEMAINE, H. 1997. Integrated
shrimp-mangrove farming systems in the Mekong delta of
Vietnam. Aquaculture Research, 28(8), 599-610.
BOSMA, R. H., NGUYEN, T. H., SIAHAINENIA, A. J., TRAN,
H. T. P. & TRAN, H. N. 2016. Shrimpbased livelihoods in
mangrove silvo-aquaculture farming systems. Review In
Aquaculture, 8(1), 43-60.
Integrated mangrove-shrimp farming
Ocean and Coastal Research 2023, v71:e23018 12
Thao and Cong
BURTON, E. D., BUSH, R. T. & SULLIVAN, L. A. 2006.
Fractionation and extractability of sulfur, iron and trace
elements in sulfidic sediments. Chemosphere, 64(8),
-1428.
BRANDER, M. L., WAGTENDONK, A. J., HUSSAIN, S.
S., MCVITTIE, A., VERBURG, P. H., GROOT, R. S. &
VAN DER PLOEG, S. 2012. Ecosystem service values
for mangroves in Southeast Asia: a meta-analysis and
value transfer application. Ecosystem Services, 1(1),
-69.
CAN, N. D. 2015. Adaptation to salinity intrusion: an
economic assessment of diversified farming systems in
saline affected area of coastal ben tre province of the
Mekong delta, Vietnam. In: International Symposium
on Current Agricultural Environmental Issues in Pacific
Rim Nations and their Countermeasures - II, 2015 Mar
-18, Saga University, Saga, Japan. Japan: Saga
University.
CHATTING, M., AL-MASLAMANI, I., WALTON, M., SKOV,
M. W., KENNEDY, H., HUSREVOGLU, Y. S. & LE VAY,
L. 2022. Future mangrove carbon storage under climate
change and deforestation. Frontiers in Marine Science,
, 781876.
CLARKE A. L., WECKSTRÖM, K., CONLEY, D. J.,
ANDERSON, N. J., ADSER, F., ANDRÉN, E., DE
JONGE, V. N., ELLEGAARD, M., JUGGINS, S.,
KAUPPILA, P., KORHOLA, A., REUSS, N., TELFORD,
R. J. & VAALGAMAA, S. 2006. Long-term trends
in eutrophication and nutrients in the coastal zone.
Limnology Journal of Oceanography, 51(1 Pt 2), 385-
CLOUGH, B., JOHNSTON, D., XUAN, T. T., PHILLIPS,
M. J., PEDNEKAR, S. S., THIEN, N. H., DAN, T. H. &
THONG, P. L. 2002. Silvofishery Farming Systems in Ca
Mau Province, Vietnam. (1) A Description of Systems
and Management Practices. (2) A Socio-Economic
Study. N. Report prepared under the World Bank, WWF
and FAO Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming
and the Environment. Work in Progress for Public
Discussion. Gland: World Bank/WWF/FAO.
CONG, N. V. & KHANH, H. C. 2022. Comparison
environmental conditions and economic efficiency
between organic and non-organic integrated
mangrove-shrimp farming systems in Ca Mau
Province, Vietnam. Journal of Ecological Engineering,
(5), 130-136.
COSTA, B. G. B., SOARES, T. M., TORRES, R. F. &
LACERDA, L. D. 2013. Mercury distribution in a
mangrove tidal creek affected by intensive shrimp
farming. Bulletin Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology, 90(5), 537-541.
COSTA-BÖDDEKER, S., THUYÊNTHUYEN, L. X.,
HOELZMANN, P., DE STIGTER, H. C., VAN GAEVER,
P., HUY, H. ĐD., SMOL, J. P. & SCHWALB, A. 2020.
Heavy metal pollution in a reforested mangrove
ecosystem (Can Gio Biosphere Reserve, Southern
Vietnam): Effects of natural and anthropogenic
stressors over a thirty-year history. Science of Total
Environment, 716, 137035.
EDDY, S., MILANTARA, N., SASMITO, S. D., KAJITA, T. &
BASYUNI, M. 2021. Anthropogenic drivers of mangrove
loss and associated carbon emissions in South Sumatra,
Indonesia. Forests, 12(2), 187.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1998.
Semivolatile organic compounds by gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS),
Method 8270D (SW-846): Revision 4. Washington:
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).
GOLDBERG, L., LAGOMASINO, D., THOMAS, N. &
FATOYINBO, T. 2020, Global declines in human‐driven
mangrove loss. Global Change Biology, 26(10), 5844-
HA, T. T. P., VAN DIJK, H. & VISSER, L. 2014. Impacts
of changes in mangrove forest management practices
on forest accessibility and livelihood: a case study in
mangrove-shrimp farming system in Ca Mau Province,
Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Land Use Policy, 36, 89-101.
HA, T. T. T., BUSH, S. R., MOL, A. P. J. & VAN DIJK,
H. 2012. Organic coasts? Regulatory challenges of
certifying integrated shrimp–mangrove production
systems in Vietnam. Journal of Rural Study, 28(4),
-639.
HAI, T. N. & YAKUPITIYAGE, A. 2005. The effects of the
decomposition of mangrove leaf litter on water quality,
growth and survival of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus
monodon Fabricius, 1798). Aquaculture, 250(3-4), 700-
HAYASHI, S. N., SOUZA-FILHO, P. W. M., NASCIMENTO,
W. R. & FERNANDES, M. E. B. 2019. The effect
of anthropogenic drivers on spatial patterns of
mangrove land use on the Amazon coast. PLoS One,
(6), e0217754.
HINOKIDANI, K. & NAKANISHI, Y. 2019. Dissolved iron
elution from mangrove ecosystem associated with
polyphenols and a herbivorous snail. Ecology and
Evolution, 9(12), 6772-6784.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization).
ISO 6439:1990. Water quality — Determination
of phenol index — 4-Aminoantipyrine spectrometric
methods after distillation.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization). 1998.
ISO 11047:1998. Soil quality — Determination of
cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese,
nickel and zinc — Flame and electrothermal atomic
absorption spectrometric methods. Genebra: ISO.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization). 2002.
ISO 10382:2002. Soil quality — Determination of
organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls
— Gas-chromatographic method with electron capture
detection. Genebra: ISO.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization).
ISO 16772:2004. Soil quality — Determination
of mercury in aqua regia soil extracts with cold-vapour
atomic spectrometry or cold-vapour atomic fluorescence
spectrometry. Genebra: ISO.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization).
ISO 20280:2007. Soil quality — Determination
of arsenic, antimony and selenium in aqua regia soil
extracts with electrothermal or hydride-generation
atomic absorption spectrometry. Genebra: ISO.
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature).
Towards sustainable coastal management and
development in three coastal Districts of Ben Tre
Province (Binh Dai, Ba Tri and Thanh Phu). Gland:
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature).
Integrated mangrove-shrimp farming
Ocean and Coastal Research 2023, v71:e23018 13
Thao and Cong
JOHNSTON, D., LOUREY, M., TIEN, D. V., LUU, T. T. &
XUAN, T. T. 2002. Water quality and plankton densities
in mixed shrimp-mangrove forestry farming systems in
Vietnam. Aquaculture Research, 33(10), 785-798.
JOHNSTON, D., TRONG, N. V., TIEN, D. V. & XUAN, T.
T. 2000. Shrimp yields and harvest characteristics of
mixed shrimp-mangrove forestry farms in southern
Vietnam: factors affecting production. Aquaculture,
, 263-284.
KRISTENSEN, E., BOUILLON, S., DITTMAR, T. &
MARCHAND, C. 2008. Organic carbon dynamics in
mangrove ecosystems: a review. Aquatic Botany, 89(2),
-219.
LEMONNIER, H., WABETE, N., PHAM, D., LIGNOT, J. H.,
BARRI, K., MERMOUD, I., ROYER, F., BOULO, V. &
LAUGIER, T. 2021. Iron deposits turn blue shrimp gills
to orange. Aquaculture, 540, 736697.
MINH, T. H., YAKUPITIYAGE, A. & MACINTOSH, D.
J. 2001. Management of the Integrated MangroveAquaculture Farming Systems in the Mekong Delta of
Vietnam. ITCZM Monograph, 1, 24.
MORGAN, B., RATE, A. W. & BURTON, E. D. 2012. Trace
element reactivity in FeS-rich estuarine sediments:
Influence of formation environment and acid sulfate soil
drainage. Science of the Total Environment, 438, 463-476.
NAGELKERKEN, I., BLABER, S. J. M., BOUILLON,
S., GREEN, P., HAYWOOD, M., KIRTON, L. G.,
MEYNECKE, J. O., PAWLIK, J., PENROSE, H. M.,
SASEKUMAR, A. & SOMERFIELD, P. J. 2008. The
habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine
fauna: a review. Aquatic Botany, 89(2), 155-185.
NANJO, K., KOHNO, H., NAKAMURA, Y., HORINOUCHI,
M. & SANO, M. 2014. Effects of mangrove structure on
fish distribution patterns and predation risks. Journal of
Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 461, 216-225.
NATURLAND. 2010. Naturland standards for organic
aquaculture. Germany: Naturland – Association for
organic Agriculture.
NÓBREGA, G. N., FERREIRA, T. O., ROMERO, R. E.,
MARQUES, A. G. B. & OTERO, X. L. 2013. Iron and
sulfur geochemistry in semi-arid mangrove soils
(Ceará, Brazil) in relation to seasonal changes and
shrimp farming effluents. Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment, 185(9), 7393-7407.
NURGIANTORO, N. & JAELANI, L. M. 2017. Monitoring
of total suspended solid in coastal waters due to
conventional gold mining using multi temporal satellite
data, case study: Bombana, Southeast Sulawesi. The
nd International Seminar on Science and Technology
August 2 nd 2016, Postgraduate Program Institut
Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia.
IPTEK Journal of Proceedings Series, 84-89.
OLIVEIRA, A. R. M. D. E., BORGES, A. C., MATOS,
A. T. & NASCIMENTO, M. 2018. Estimation on the
concentration of suspended solids from turbidity in
the water of two sub-basins in the doce river basin.
Engenharia Agrícola, 38(5), 751-759.
PARK, G. S. 2007. The role and distribution of total
suspended solids in the macrotidal coastal waters of
Korea. Environmental Mornitoring and Assessment,
, 153-162.
RASYID, A. B. D., AKBAR, A. S., NURDIN, N., JAYA,
I. & IBRAHIM. 2016. Impact of human interventions
on mangrove ecosystem in spatial perspective.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental
Science, 47, 012041.
RAYNER, T. S. & CREESE, R. G. 2006. A review of
rotenone use for the control of non‐indigenous fish in
Australian fresh waters, and an attempted eradication
of the noxious fish, Phalloceros caudimaculatus. New
Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,
(3), 477-486.
SA’AD, F. N. A., TAHIR, M. S., JEMILY, N. H. B., AHMAD,
A. & AMIN, A. R. M. 2021. Monitoring total suspended
sediment concentration in spatiotemporal domain over
Teluk lipat utilizing landsat 8 (OLI). Applied Science,
(15), 7082.
SARATHCHANDRA, C., KAMBACH, S., ARIYARATHNA,
S., XU, J., HARRISON, R. & WICKRAMASINGHE, S.
Significance of mangrove biodiversity conservation
in fishery production and living conditions of coastal
communities in Sri Lanka. Diversity, 10(2), 20.
SAULNIER, I. & MUCCI, A. 2000. Trace metal remobilization
following the resuspension of estuarine sediments:
Saguenay Fjord, Canada. Applied Geochemistry, 15(2),
-210.
SCHMIDT, C., CORBARI, L., GAILL, F. & LE B. N. 2009.
Biotic and abiotic controls on iron oxyhydroxide
formation in the gill chamber of the hydrothermal vent
shrimp Rimicaris exoculata. Geobiology, 7(4), 454-464.
STRAUCH, A. M., COHEN, S. & ELLMORE, G. S. 2012.
Environmental Influences on the Distribution of
Mangroves on Bahamas Island. Journal of Wetlands
Ecology, 6, 16-24.
TEIEN, H. C., GARMO, Ø. A., ÅTLAND, Å. & SALBU, B.
Transformation of Iron Species in Mixing Zones
and Accumulation on Fish Gills. Environmental Science
and Technology, 42(5), 1780-1786.
THANH-NHO, N., MARCHAND, C., STRADY, E., HUUPHAT, N. & NHU-TRANG, T. T. 2019. Bioaccumulation
of some trace elements in tropical mangrove plants and
snails (Can Gio, Vietnam). Environmental Pollution,
, 635-645.
TRANG, N. T. D., ASHTON, E. C., TUNG, N. C. T.,
THANH, N. H., CONG, N. V., NAM, T. S., THUAN,
N. C., KHANH, H. C., DUY, N. P. & TRUONG, N.
N. 2022. Shrimp farmers perceptions on factors
affecting shrimp productivity in integrated mangroveshrimp systems in Ca Mau, Vietnam. Ocean and
Coastal Management, 219, 106048.
TRUONG, T. D. & DO, L. H. 2018. Mangrove forests and
aquaculture in the Mekong river delta. Land Use Policy,
, 20-28.
Integrated mangrove-shrimp farming
Ocean and Coastal Research 2023, v71:e23018 14
Thao and Cong
VEETTIL, B. K., QUANG, N. X. & THU-TRANG, N. T. 2019.
Changes in mangrove vegetation, aquaculture and
paddy cultivation in the Mekong Delta: a study from Ben
Tre Province, southern Vietnam. Estuarine, Coastal,
and Shelf and Science, 226, 106273.
VIET, L. Q. & HAI, T. N. 2016. Technical aspects and costs
benefits of the model mangroves shrimp in Nam Can
district, Ca Mau province. Vietnam Journal of Marine
Science and Technology, 16(1), 99-105.
QCVN (Vietnam Environmental Protection Agency).
National Technical Regulation on Surface Water
Quality (QCVN 10-2015/BTNMT). Hanoi: Vietnam
Environmental Protection Agency.
QCVN (Vietnam Environmental Protection Agency).
National Technical Regulation on Surface Water
Quality (QCVN 43-2017/BTNMT). Hanoi: Vietnam
Environmental Protection Agency
