New species and synonymies in Hexoplonini Martins , 2006 ( Coleoptera , Cerambycidae ) , with notes and new records on Cerambycinae Latreille , 1802

Glyptoscapus letiziae, a new species of Hexoplonini Martins, 2006, is described from Brazil (Minas Gerais). Glyptoscapus cicatricosus Aurivillius, 1899 and G. vanettii Martins, 1959 are synonymized with G. pallidulus (White, 1855). A key to species of Glyptoscapus is provided. New state records are presented for Thoracibidion io (Thomson, 1867) (Neoibidionini), Coleoxestia rafaeli Santos-Silva & Wappes, 2017 and C. denticornis (Gahan, 1892) (Cerambycini). The female of C. rafaeli is described for the first time. Key-Words. Key; Southern Brazil; South America; Taxonomy.


INTRODUCTION
Recently, during the process of introduction of specimens in to the MZSP (Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil), collection we found a new species of Hexoplonini Martins, 2006, belonging to the genus Glyptoscapus Aurivillius, 1899.Hexoplonini (Cerambycinae) is currently composed of 150 species in 22 genera (Tavakilian & Chevillotte, 2017).According to Martins (1967Martins ( , 2006)), only two genera of Hexoplonini have a cicatrix at the apex of the scape: Glyptoscapus and Glyptoceridion Martins, 1959.The former differs from the latter by the very long third antennomere, which is usually twice as long as antennomere IV (shorter than IV in Glyptoceridion), pronotum not microsculptured (microsculptured in Glyptoceridion) and elytra not remarkably depressed on the central dorsal area (remarkably depressed in Glyptoceridion).Currently, Glyptoscapus includes five species distributed only in South America (Monné, 2018).
We also found a specimen of Thoracibidion io (Thomson, 1867), several specimens of Coleoxestia rafaeli Santos-Silva & Wappes, 2017, and Coleoxestia denticornis (Gahan, 1892), collected in Brazilian states in which they were not previously registered.Additionally, we are describing the female of C. rafaeli for the first time.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Photographs were taken with a Canon EOS Rebel T3i DSLR camera (Taiwan), Canon MP-E 65 mm f/2.8 1-5X macro lens, controlled by Zerene Stacker AutoMontage software.Measurements were taken in millimeters (mm) using measuring ocular Hensoldt/Wetzlar -Mess 10 (Germany) in the Leica MZ6 stereomicroscope (Germany), which was also used in the study of the specimens.
The references concerning Glyptoscapus and its species are restricted to their original descriptions, Monné (2018) and Tavakilian & Chevillotte (2017).The photography of the Holotype of G. pallidulus was adopted from Bezark (2018).A complete list of references for them is available in these two catalogues.The morphological terms used follow Lawrence et al. (2010).Remarks: Aurivillius (1899) described Glyptoscapus for his new species G. cicatricosus, from Brazil.According to him (translated): "Femora elongate, sublinear, mesofemora with long spine at outer apex and very short spine at inner apex, metafemora with long spine at outer apex and short at inner apex".However, the drawing in the original description shows that the mesofemora have long spine at the inner apex, and not at the outer apex.Martins (1959) had already report-ed this error (translated): "Apparently, Aurivillius makes a mistake here in his generic diagnosis, affirming to be long the spine at the "outer" apex of the mesofemora".Remarks: White (1855) described Ibidion pallidulum Brazil (Pará), but did not mention the cicatrix at the apex of the scape.According to him, "…femora with two spines at the apex, the outer larger…" Evidently, White (1855) was writing about the meso-and metafemora, since the profemora never have spines at the apex.Martins (1967) correctly transferred Gnomidolon pallidulum to Glyptoscapus and reported (translated): "It differs from cicatricosus by the presence of only two longitudinal rows of piliferous punctures on each elytron, by the apical spines of the elytra shorter and by the armature of the femora.The mesofemora in G. pallidulus have an inner tab slightly acute, not projected in developed spine as occurs in cicatricosus, and the outer spine of metafemora is also, comparatively, much shorter".Martins (1959) described G. vanettii, differing it from G. cicatricosus by the inner spine of the mesofemora shorter, the legs and antennae of the same color of the body, and the abdomen unicolorous, while in G. cicatricosus the legs are flavous, and the abdominal ventrite I is lighter.Later, Martins (1967) reported the following differences (translated): "Glyptoscapus vanettii differs from G. cicatricosus by the general color reddish-orange; scape relatively more elongate and less thick; carinae of basal antennomeres (16x) more evident; sexual punctation of prosternum of males (I saw only a specimen of this sex) less abundant; presence of only two rows of erect setae on each elytron; anterior macula of elytra less developed; smaller inclination of the elytral band, and by the apex of mesofemora only acute, not spinose".Martins (1967) differentiated G. pallidulus from G. vanettii only by the shape of the elytral maculae, and color of antennae, elytra and legs.

Glyptoscapus pallidulus
According to Martins (2006) (translated): "Although having general color similar to G. cicatricosus, G. pallidulus differs by the shape of mesofemora.The apical tabs are only projected, while in G. cicatricosus the apex of mesofemora has long spine at inner side.Another characteristic that differs these species from each other is the number of longitudinal rows of setae on middle of the elytra; G. pallidulus has only two dorsal rows, while G. cicatricosus has five rows, two lateral and three dorsal".
Actually, all features pointed out to differentiate G. cicatricosus, G. pallidulus, and G. vanettii (general color, color of the head and pronotum, length, ratio and shape of spines of meso-and metafemora, number of rows of the elytral setae, etc.) are extremely variable .This variability makes it evident that the three are a single, variable species.Even the specimens deposited in the MZSP collection, identified as G. cicatricosus, G. pallidulus, and G. vanettii, do not fully agree with all descriptions and redescriptions of each species, making it difficult to separate these three species.Curiously, one of the paratypes of G. vanettii was later identified as G. pallidulus by Martins (1967) Gounelle, 1909 (Figs.5-7)
Remarks: Gounelle (1909) described Glyptoscapus bivittatus based on a single specimen from Brazil (Minas Gerais, Serra do Caraça).According to him (translated): "The yellow lateral band that adorns each elytron begins at the humerus and extends to the posterior third; its inner edge describes parallel to the suture a very long arc".According to Martins (1967), who examined the holotype and two specimens also from Serra do Caraça, the yellow macula on the elytra has a somewhat variable length, since in one of the specimens examined by him it reaches only the middle of the elytra.Martins (2006) reported (translated): "So far, Glyptoscapus bivittatus is only recorded from two mountain ranges (Serra do Caraça and Serra do Cipó), members of the Serra do Espinhaço in Minas Gerais, from Ouro Preto in Minas to Juazeiro in Bahia".However, we do not know who recorded Serra do Cipó, because the only specimens previously recorded were from Serra do Caraça, and the specimen recorded in Martins (2006) is from Santa Barbara, a city very near to Serra do Caraça and, in a straight line, about 80 km from Serra do Cipó.
Despite the comments by Gounelle (1909) and Martins (1967Martins ( , 2006) ) regarding the shape of the elytral macula, actually, it can be considerably different, as it is possible to see at Bezark (2018).In this specimen the distal area of the macula is projected toward middle of the elytra as a transverse band.The single specimen belonging to MZSP collection (Fig. 5) agrees very well with one of the specimens examined by Martins (1967), because the macula reaches only the middle of the elytra.There is no doubt that these two specimens (Fig. 5, and that figured in Bezark 2018) belong to the same species.Notwithstanding, these two specimens have the basal half of the elytra mostly dark brown, and the distal half reddish-brown.Neither Gounelle (1909) nor Martins (1967Martins ( , 2006) ) commented on elytral coloration.
As both, G. bivittatus and G. flaveolus, have the elytral apex not whitish (see dilemma 1 of the key) and because we know that the head color is very variable in G. cicatricosus, a feature used to distinguish G. flaveolus from its congeneric (this variation may or may not occur in these species), we do not know which are the true differences between those two species, because we did not examine specimens of G. flaveolus.According to Bates (1870) on the distal area of the elytra in G. flaveolus: "apex sometimes becoming dark".Martins (1967), who examined the two syntypes of G. flaveolus, reported (translated): "The head of the holotype [sic] is dark brown, and there is a more or less brownish area behind the posterior elytral macula, with indefinite limits.In the paratype, which is lighter, the head still shows some darkened areas.I saw a specimen with the head and posterior area of the elytra black".
For the time being, we consider the darkened area on the elytral apex in G. flaveolus (darker than on basal area) as a distinguishing feature to separate G. flaveolus from G. bivittatus since, apparently, in the latter, the apical area of the elytra is slightly lighter than on basal area.

Glyptoscapus letiziae sp. nov. (Figs. 1-4)
Description: Female: Head dark brown, almost black; mouthparts yellowish-brown except brownish last max-illary and labial palpomeres; scape dark brown; pedicel dark brown basally, gradually reddish-brown toward apex; antennomeres III-XI pale yellow, very slightly darkened at apex; prothorax, and ventral side of meso-and metathorax black (more dark brown on some areas); legs pale yellow, more brownish on some areas, especially apex of femora, base of tibiae and parts of tarsi; abdominal ventrites I-III dark brown, almost black; abdominal ventrite IV dark brown basally, gradually dark reddish-brown toward apex; abdominal ventrite V dark reddish-brown basally, gradually light reddish-brown toward apex; elytra black, gradually dark brown toward distal area, except: longitudinal, slightly oblique light yellowish-brown macula, placed at about center of dorsal surface from a little before apex of basal quarter to a little after apex of basal third; slightly curved light yellowish-brown band placed on dorsal surface of central third, from suture to lateral curvature; yellowish-white distal area.
Head: Frontal plate slightly convex, rounded close to clypeus, triangularly narrowed toward vertex; smooth except for a few punctures toward its narrowest area; frontal area under antennal tubercles with subtriangular depression (narrowed toward clypeus).Area from between antennal tubercles to almost middle of frontal plate with well-marked inverted V-shaped sulcus; frons with minute, sparse whitish setae close to lower eye lobes, and a few, almost indistinct setae centrally.Vertex depressed, microscopically, densely punctate between antennal tubercles and upper eye lobes; with minute, sparse whitish setae; remaining surface nearly smooth with a few shallow punctures interspersed (slightly rugose close to prothorax); with minute, sparse whitish setae interspersed with a few short, nearly erect white setae.Area behind upper eye lobes smooth close to eye, slightly rugose close to prothorax; with minute, sparse whitish setae on smooth area, glabrous on remaining surface.Area behind lower eye lobes tumid, coarsely, sparsely punctate close to eye, nearly smooth on remaining surface; with long, erect, sparse yellowish-white setae on tumid area, glabrous on remaining surface.Genae finely, sparsely punctate toward dorsal side, more abundantly punctate toward ventral side, except smooth distal area; with minute, sparse golden setae except glabrous distal area.Antennal tubercles somewhat elevated, with rounded apex, abruptly inclined toward upper eye lobe; minutely, sparsely punctate; with minute, sparse white setae.Median groove distinct from apex of frontal plate to area between antennal tubercles.Postclypeus with transverse, fine carina near frontal plate; with fine puncture on each side, from which emerges a long, erect yellowish-brown seta.Labrum coplanar with anteclypeuson basal half, inclined on distal half; with short, sparse yellowish-white setae, one long, erect golden seta on each side, and fringe of golden setae at distal margin.Gula mentum smooth, glabrous from prothoracic margin to level of tumid area behind lower eye lobes, transversely rugose-punctate, with long, erect, sparse yellowish-white setae between upper eye lobes.Upper eye lobes with 3 rows of ommatidia (only Thorax: Prothorax 1.78 times longer than wide; sinuous in side view.Pronotum with fine, sparse punctures, from which emerge long erect yellowish setae; with minute, inconspicuous, sparse, decumbent, white setae.Sides of prothorax nearly smooth; with a few long, erect yellowish setae, and short, decumbent whitish setae close to procoxal cavity.Prosternum with V-shaped basal area with short, decumbent yellowish-white setae (more whitish depending on angle of light source), denser at centrobasal area; glabrous on remaining surface.Prosternal process noticeably narrowed centrally, and triangularly expanded distally.Ventral side of mesothorax with yellowish-white pubescence not obscuring integument (more whitish depending on angle of light source), but glabrous centrally on inclined area of mesoventral process.Mesoventral process distally cordiform.
Metanepisternum and sides of metaventrite and area close to metacoxae with yellowish-white pubescence (more whitish depending on angle of light source), not obscuring integument; remaining surface of metaventrite with fine and coarse, sparse punctures, from which emerge long, erect yellowish setae.Scutellum with grayish-white pubescence on centrobasal area, golden, denser on remaining surface.
Elytra: Coarsely, moderately abundantly punctate on basal 2/3, finer, sparser on distal third; with slightly elevated carina from humerus to after middle; with long, erect yellowish-white setae emerging from some of the punctures, more abundant on distal half; apex excavated, with long spine at outer angle and rounded projection at sutural angle.
Legs: Femora with long, erect, sparse yellowish-white setae; profemora with short rounded lobe on outer and inner apex; mesofemora with long spine on inner apex, and rounded, not distinctly lobed on outer apex; metafemora with long spine on outer apex (longer than spine of mesofemora), and short, acute lobe on inner apex.Metatarsomere I slightly shorter than II-III together.
Abdomen: Ventrites I-IV with yellowish-white pubescence laterally (more whitish depending on angle of light source), very sparse, short yellowish-white setae centrally (especially on I-II), interspersed with a few long, erect yellowish setae.Ventrite V with abundant yellowish-white setae not obscuring integument, interspersed with long, erect yellowish setae on distal area; apex rounded.