Neotropical felid specimens at the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi : species , distribution , and morphometric data

Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (MPEG), situated at Brazilian state of Pará, houses the third largest South-American mammal scientific collection, being a primary source of information for the study of Amazonian and Neotropical mammalians. The collection holds 245 felid specimens, comprising 210 skulls, 53 skins, 10 skeletons, and two anatomical pieces, representing 90% of wild Brazilian cat species, mainly from localities of Northern Brazil. We presented a list of this material, indexed by the genera and species. We also provided craniodental measurements of all the specimens with skull, and comment on the conservation status of the species and other remarkable data, including the first record of Leopardus tigrinus in the Brazilian state of Rondônia. Key-Words. Herpailurus; Leopardus; Panthera, Puma; Scientific collection. INTRODUCTION The mammal collection in the Brazilian museum Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (MPEG) is the third largest collection of this kind in South America (Bezerra, 2013), and is one of the main source of information for mammalian Amazonian diversity. This collection includes about 45,000 specimens, among stuffed and opened skins, skulls, postcranium skeletons, and whole body fluid preserved, and 45 nomenclatural types (Silva Jr., MPEG curator, pers. comm. in December 2017). The current MPEG’s mammal collection was firstly gathered by Swiss zoologist Emilio Goeldi in late XIX century (Goeldi & Hagmann, 1906; Sanjad, 2006), and until 1955 was discontinuously managed and improved, when the ornithologist Fernando da Costa Novaes taken responsibility for the Zoology Division (Silva et al., 2005). Aiming to trainee undergraduate students in taxonomy and mammal scientific collection routines, areas on which few move towards in several regions of Brazil, and organize and redeem information about the MPEG’s mammal collection, it was developed a large project focusing on all these themes. Here, we present one of the results of this of this project, a report of Neotropical felid specimens at the MPEG’s mammal collection. The family Felidae has worldwide distribution, except in the Poles, and in the Neotropical region can be found between 12 to 19 species belonged to four genera, Herpailurus Severtzov, 1858, Leopardus Gray, 1842, Puma Jardine, 1834, and Panthera Oken, 1916 (Nascimento, 2010; Kitchener et al., 2017). This variation in species number is due mainly to recent taxonomic revisions of the genus Leopardus (Nascimento, 2010, 2014; Nascimento & Feijó, 2017), which have revalidated some species (Kitchener et al., 2017). Almost all species of felids are included in some threatened category from national and international lists, and several species groups need taxonomic revision (Kitchener et al., 2017). Here, we presented an account of the wild Neotropical felids species at MPEG, including number of specimens, geographical distribution and representation, data on the sex, preservation type, and measurement of external and craniodental characters. We also comment on conservation status and other remarkable data, such as the comparison with the felid specimens reported for the mammal collection of MPEG in early 20th century (Goeldi & Hagmann, 1906). This is a product directly related to the project “Roedores do estado do Pará: padrões de distribuição e diversidade e o papel das coleções biológicas”, started in 2016 on the organizing and divulgation of mammalian collection of the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. MATERIAL AND METHODS Specimen identification and distribution The nomenclature follows Kichener et al. (2017) for Felidae, and Nascimento (2010, 2014) ISSN On-Line: 1807-0205 ISSN Printed: 0031-1049 ISNI: 0000-0004-0384-1825 Pap. Avulsos Zool., 2018; v.58: e20185833 http://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2018.58.33 www.revistas.usp.br/paz www.scielo.br/paz and Nascimento & Feijó (2017) for the genus Leopardus. Geographic distribution and assessment of the morphological characters follow those authors and Sunquist & Sunquist (2009). Threatened status classification follows the Brazilian Official List of Endangered Species (DOU, 2014) and the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2017), categories Vulnerable = VU, Endangered = EN, Critically Endangered = CR. Also were considered the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Fauna (CITES) Appendices I = threatened with extinction risk, II = not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled or species whose species in trade look like those listed for conservations reasons, and III = a list of species included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation (CITES, 2017). Data on locality, collector, collection date, sex, external and craniodental measurements, preparation type, and any other kind of information (e.g., if skull and/or skin is damaged, if was taken sample for genetic analysis) were included in a spreadsheet Excel® and show in the Results section. For coordinates were utilized the software Google Earth Pro (Google Inc., 2018) and the database from ‘IBGE cidades’ (IBGE, 2018), federal conservation unities under management of ‘Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade’ (ICMBio, 2018), and “Terras Indígenas” (FUNAI, 2018). Maps were generated in QGIS version 2.18.9 ‘Las Palmas’ (QGIS, 2017), using map shapes from IBGE (1992) for Brazilian ecological tension areas and from USGS (2017) for South American ecosystems. Specimens with only federative unity of Brazil or with large extension area as locality were no figured in the maps (e.g., Mato Grosso state, lower Amazon River, and Marajó Archipelago). Specimens from Parque Zoobotânico do Museu Emilio Goeldi, Belém, Pará state, Brazil, not received geographic coordinates. Biometry External measurements made in flesh were taken from original labels and are as follow: Body size length (HBL), tail length (T), inside ear length (E), hind foot without claws (HF) are given in millimeters (mm), and weight (W) in grams (g). All specimens with skull were measured. Twenty-nine craniodental quantitative characters follow Nascimento (2010) and Nascimento & Feijó (2017) and were taken using with a digital calliper (Mitutoyo®): GLS = greatest length of the skull, from anteriormost premaxilla to occipital ridge; CBL = condylobasal length, from anterior face of upper incisors to intern face of anterior edge of occipital condyle; RL = rostral length, from anteriormost premaxilla to suture with the maxilla; LRL = lateral rostral length, from nasal lateral end to infraorbital foramen; NL = nasal length; NB = nasal breadth, measured between the lateral ends; NSL = nasal suture length, between nasal bones; IOB = interorbital length, at maxilla-premaxilla suture; PPB = postorbital processes breadth, cranial breadth between postorbital processes; POB = postorbital breadth, immediately after the postorbital processes; ZB = zygomatic breadth, largest breadth between zygomatic arches; GBB = greatest breadth of braincase, measured at base of the squamosal roots; SCL, sagittal crest length, from temporal ridges convergence to the occipital crest; RBC, rostral breadth, at canines; IFB = breadth between infraorbital foramina; GPB = greatest palatal breadth, between the 4nd premolar vestibular faces; GPL = palatal length, from anterior face of incisors to the posterior end of palatine; CM1L = C to M1 toothrow length; P4L: greatest length of P4, from mesial to distal face; P4B = greatest breadth of P4, from lingual to vestibular face; BL = anteroposterior bullar length; BM = mastoid breadth, between mastoids; TH = temporal fossa height; ALT = anteroposterior length of temporal fossa; CL = upper canine length; ALM = anteroposterior length of masseteric fossa; p3m1L = p3-m1 toothhrow length; MH = mandibular ramus height; ML = mandible length, from lower incisor alveolus to angular process. Collection management When necessary, original labels were repaired and/ or enveloped with protective plastic and worn label lines replaced. All specimens were catalogued and mapped in Excel spreadsheet, in manner to mirror the arrangement inside the cabinets. The cabinets of the mammal collection are, as in several other old collections, disposed in pairs (one pair = one cabinet above another), and each pair side-by-side with others. The mapping of the cabinets was done by numbering in ascendant order from above to below and from left to right, while the inside arrangement was by numbering the drawers from the above to below. Aim verifying the keeping and increase of the collection, the specimens were verified with the catalogue of mammals of MPEG by Goeldi & Hagmann (1906) and with the original books of collection numbers of ancient ‘Museu Paraense’. It is important to mention that the first names of ‘Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi’ were Museu Paraense (1866-1900) and ‘Museu Goeldi’ (1900-1931), and the first mammal specimens catalogued in the museum (from 1897 to 1946) received numbers that are different from most of those presently in the Mammal Collection. RESULTS Catalogue of felid specimens Family Felidae in the MPEG is represented by 245 specimens distributed in four genera and nine species, all with localities in Brazil (Fig. 1, Table 1). The collection comprises opened and stuffed skins, skulls, and parts of the body, such as feet. Some specimens are unknown locality (n = 30), while 74 specimens are from ‘Zoological Bezerra, A.M.R. & Bordallo, S.U.: Neotropical felids at the MPEG Pap. Avulsos Zool., 2018; v.58: e20185833 2/19


INTRODUCTION
The mammal collection in the Brazilian museum Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (MPEG) is the third largest collection of this kind in South America (Bezerra, 2013), and is one of the main source of information for mammalian Amazonian diversity.This collection includes about 45,000 specimens, among stuffed and opened skins, skulls, postcranium skeletons, and whole body fluid preserved, and 45 nomenclatural types (Silva Jr., MPEG curator, pers. comm. in December 2017).The current MPEG's mammal collection was firstly gathered by Swiss zoologist Emilio Goeldi in late XIX century (Goeldi & Hagmann, 1906;Sanjad, 2006), and until 1955 was discontinuously managed and improved, when the ornithologist Fernando da Costa Novaes taken responsibility for the Zoology Division (Silva et al., 2005).Aiming to trainee undergraduate students in taxonomy and mammal scientific collection routines, areas on which few move towards in several regions of Brazil, and organize and redeem information about the MPEG's mammal collection, it was developed a large project focusing on all these themes.Here, we present one of the results of this of this project, a report of Neotropical felid specimens at the MPEG's mammal collection.
The family Felidae has worldwide distribution, except in the Poles, and in the Neotropical region can be found between 12 to 19 species belonged to four genera, Herpailurus Severtzov, 1858, Leopardus Gray, 1842, Puma Jardine, 1834, and Panthera Oken, 1916 (Nascimento, 2010;Kitchener et al., 2017).This variation in species number is due mainly to recent taxonomic revisions of the genus Leopardus (Nascimento, 2010(Nascimento, , 2014;;Nascimento & Feijó, 2017), which have revalidated some species (Kitchener et al., 2017).Almost all species of felids are included in some threatened category from national and international lists, and several species groups need taxonomic revision (Kitchener et al., 2017).
Here, we presented an account of the wild Neotropical felids species at MPEG, including number of specimens, geographical distribution and representation, data on the sex, preservation type, and measurement of external and craniodental characters.We also comment on conservation status and other remarkable data, such as the comparison with the felid specimens reported for the mammal collection of MPEG in early 20 th century (Goeldi & Hagmann, 1906).This is a product directly related to the project "Roedores do estado do Pará: padrões de distribuição e diversidade e o papel das coleções biológicas", started in 2016 on the organizing and divulgation of mammalian collection of the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi.

Specimen identification and distribution
The nomenclature follows Kichener et al. (2017) for Felidae, and Nascimento (2010Nascimento ( , 2014) ) and Nascimento & Feijó (2017) for the genus Leopardus.Geographic distribution and assessment of the morphological characters follow those authors and Sunquist & Sunquist (2009).Threatened status classification follows the Brazilian Official List of Endangered Species (DOU, 2014) and the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2017), categories Vulnerable = VU, Endangered = EN, Critically Endangered = CR.Also were considered the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Fauna (CITES) Appendices I = threatened with extinction risk, II = not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled or species whose species in trade look like those listed for conservations reasons, and III = a list of species included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation (CITES, 2017).
Data on locality, collector, collection date, sex, external and craniodental measurements, preparation type, and any other kind of information (e.g., if skull and/or skin is damaged, if was taken sample for genetic analysis) were included in a spreadsheet Excel® and show in the Results section.
Specimens with only federative unity of Brazil or with large extension area as locality were no figured in the maps (e.g., Mato Grosso state, lower Amazon River, and Marajó Archipelago).Specimens from Parque Zoobotânico do Museu Emilio Goeldi, Belém, Pará state, Brazil, not received geographic coordinates.

Biometry
External measurements made in flesh were taken from original labels and are as follow: Body size length (HBL), tail length (T), inside ear length (E), hind foot without claws (HF) are given in millimeters (mm), and weight (W) in grams (g).All specimens with skull were measured.Twenty-nine craniodental quantitative characters follow Nascimento (2010) and Nascimento & Feijó (2017) and were taken using with a digital calliper (Mitutoyo®): GLS = greatest length of the skull, from anteriormost premaxilla to occipital ridge; CBL = condylobasal length, from anterior face of upper incisors to intern face of anterior edge of occipital condyle; RL = rostral length, from anteriormost premaxilla to suture with the maxilla; LRL = lateral rostral length, from nasal lateral end to infraorbital foramen; NL = nasal length; NB = nasal breadth, measured between the lateral ends; NSL = nasal suture length, between nasal bones; IOB = interorbital length, at maxilla-premaxilla suture; PPB = postorbital processes breadth, cranial breadth between postorbital processes; POB = postorbital breadth, immediately after the postorbital processes; ZB = zygomatic breadth, largest breadth between zygomatic arches; GBB = greatest breadth of braincase, measured at base of the squamosal roots; SCL, sagittal crest length, from temporal ridges convergence to the occipital crest; RBC, rostral breadth, at canines; IFB = breadth between infraorbital foramina; GPB = greatest palatal breadth, between the 4 nd premolar vestibular faces; GPL = palatal length, from anterior face of incisors to the posterior end of palatine; CM1L = C to M1 toothrow length; P4L: greatest length of P4, from mesial to distal face; P4B = greatest breadth of P4, from lingual to vestibular face; BL = anteroposterior bullar length; BM = mastoid breadth, between mastoids; TH = temporal fossa height; ALT = anteroposterior length of temporal fossa; CL = upper canine length; ALM = anteroposterior length of masseteric fossa; p3m1L = p3-m1 toothhrow length; MH = mandibular ramus height; ML = mandible length, from lower incisor alveolus to angular process.

Collection management
When necessary, original labels were repaired and/ or enveloped with protective plastic and worn label lines replaced.All specimens were catalogued and mapped in Excel spreadsheet, in manner to mirror the arrangement inside the cabinets.The cabinets of the mammal collection are, as in several other old collections, disposed in pairs (one pair = one cabinet above another), and each pair side-by-side with others.The mapping of the cabinets was done by numbering in ascendant order from above to below and from left to right, while the inside arrangement was by numbering the drawers from the above to below.Aim verifying the keeping and increase of the collection, the specimens were verified with the catalogue of mammals of MPEG by Goeldi & Hagmann (1906) and with the original books of collection numbers of ancient 'Museu Paraense' .It is important to mention that the first names of 'Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi' were Museu Paraense (1866-1900) and 'Museu Goeldi' (1900Goeldi' ( -1931)), and the first mammal specimens catalogued in the museum (from 1897 to 1946) received numbers that are different from most of those presently in the Mammal Collection.

Catalogue of felid specimens
Family Felidae in the MPEG is represented by 245 specimens distributed in four genera and nine species, all with localities in Brazil (Fig. 1, Table 1).The collection comprises opened and stuffed skins, skulls, and parts of the body, such as feet.Some specimens are unknown locality (n = 30), while 74 specimens are from 'Zoological Garden' and Parque Zoobotânico do MPEG (Table 1).It is probable that 'Zoological Garden' (= Jardim Zoológico) refers to the Parque Zoobotânico do MPEG, sited at Belém, Pará state, Brazil.However, since there is no additional information on the original labels and hard-copy catalogue volumes, a decision on the source of this material was not possible.
Country is in uppercase, state in bold, and municipality and precise locality in lower case.Between parenthesis information about sex (female, male or unknown) and preparation type (skin, skull, postcranium skeleton and/ or anatomical pieces).Gazetteer of localities and coordinates are available in the Appendix I and external and craniodental measurements of the specimens are in the Appendix II.
Localities: BRAZIL, 20 specimens (Fig. 2        due current trending of decreasing population (IUCN, 2017), and included in CITES Appendix I (CITES, 2017), altogether before recognizing of three full species in tigrinus species group (L.emiliae, L. guttulus, and L. tigrinus), and respective restricted geographic distribution for each taxon (Nascimento & Feijó, 2017).It is probable that L. emiliae and the other two species be included in a higher endangered category in the next endangered species list revisions.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
This catalogue represents the status of the MPEG mammal collection in early 2018.Currently, are recognized 10 wild felid species for the Brazil (Kitchener et al., 2017;Nascimento & Feijó, 2017), almost all represented in the collection, excluding L. colocola (Molina, 1782).A large number of felid specimens (almost 30% of the collection) are either from 'Zoological Garden' and 'Parque Zoobotânico do MPEG' .There are in the MPEG's mammal collection several other specimens of other taxonomic groups (e.g., canids, artiodactyls) that are also from 'Zoological Garden' and 'Parque Zoobotânico do MPEG' .A further interesting project could focusing in tracking the origin of all these samples, since zoological gardens usually have a strict stock control of origin of the animals.
Goeldi & Hagmann's catalogue (1906) mention to 65 felid specimens, but only 16 them with museum numbers directly linked.The MPEG's mammal collection has at least four independent book catalogues for the museum numbers since the institution foundation: one for the skulls, numbered from 1 to 2,186 (from year 1903 to 1946); one for the skins, numbered from 1 to 646 (from year 1901 to 1946); one general, numbered from 1 to 336 (from year 1897 to 1902); and a recent book, with 14 volumes, so including the acronym MPEG, with numbers from 1 to 45,560 (numbers verified in June 2018).In this way, was not possible make a trusty link among all the specimens mentioned by Goeldi & Hagmann (1906) and those from the book specimens of MPEG's mammal collection.In fact, among the specimens verified in this study only two them, MPEG 145 and MPEG 149, are in the Goeldi & Hagmann' catalogue (1906), being the latter as a distinct species.It is possible that the other specimens were dispersed along the years from early to half 20 th century, when some collections in the institution had no curator.
In addition, is brought to light the first empirical record of L. tigrinus from Rondônia state, enlarging their distribution into southwestern Brazilian Amazonia.Oliveira et al. (2013) have listed L. tigrinus for conservation unities of Rondônia state and the CENAP Database as source (CENAP = Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros, and ICMBio department).However, after to contact the CENAP through a member staff (Paula A. Conde, at 12 April, 2018), it was not possible found either data or vouchers for these records.
Neotropical felids are among the most endangered Mammalia taxa, which also are under restrictive laws of collection for scientific purposes.This catalogue will be a valuable tool for a more complete use of specimens housed in the MPEG's mammal collection.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of biomes of the Brazil with all wild felid specimens, with accurate locality data, housed in the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi.

Leopardus Gray, 1842 Leopardus emiliae (Thomas, 1914) Common names: tigrina
(Nascimento & Feijó, 2017)l species, L. emiliae was junior synonym of L. tigrinus and is endemic of Brazil, with populations known from north, at right bank of Amazon River, throughout northeastern and central portion of this country(Nascimento & Feijó, 2017).Leopardus tigrinus (sensu lato) is considered as Endangered in Brazil (DOU, 2014), globally Vulnerable Comments: 1) MPEG 588 and MEPG 22685 have removed skin samples and MPEG 5618 muscle sample for molecular analysis by C.C. Sartor, in May 2017, for her doctoral dissertation developed at University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul; 2) Nascimento & Feijó (2017) referred MPEG 588 as topotype of Felis emiliae based on Thomas (1914);3)