A checklist of ‘Psocoptera’ (Psocodea) from Brazil: an update to the list of 2009 of García Aldrete and Mockford, with an identification key to the families

. The described species of Psocoptera currently known for Brazil are listed, with state distribution and biogeographic status. An identification key to the families recorded in Brazil is presented. flagellomeres annulated with cuticular minute distal segment. flagellomeres flagellomeres annulated cuticular reticulate cuticle.


INTRODUCTION
Psocoptera have no popular name in Brazil, being known in other countries as book lice, bark lice or psocids. These insects are small, measuring from 1 to 10 mm in length and feed on algae, lichens, fungi and organic fragments (Smithers, 1991). Psocoptera is a paraphyletic group because the Phthiraptera are phylogenetically embedded in the Psocoptera infraorder Nanopsocetae (Johnson et al., 2004;Yoshizawa & Johnson, 2010;Yoshizawa & Lienhard, 2010). To maintain monophyly on the order level, the former orders Psocoptera and Phthiraptera now constitute the order Psocodea (Yoshizawa & Johnson, 2006). As true lice and psocids have distinct habits, and are studied by different methods and by different experts, Psocoptera is often still treated as an order in the traditional way. Through the literature of 2014, Psocoptera includes 5,941 extant species, in 485 genera (Mockford, 2018). García Aldrete & Mockford (2009) listed for Brazil 425 species (including undescribed ones) in 94 genera and 28 families.
The present paper provides an update to the 2009 list of García Aldrete and Mockford and an identification key to the families of Psocoptera recorded in Brazil.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The updating of the information on the Brazilian fauna in García Aldrete & Mockford In the species list after the name of each species and its author, the Brazilian states appear in parentheses. If the species is not endemic to Brazil, the name of the country in which it was registered is provided or if it has a very wide distribution it is treated as tropical waif, widespread in the American tropics, widespread in the tropics, Holarctic, widely distributed or Cosmopolitan. In the cases that after the name of each species appears only "Brazil" without delimiting the Brazilian state of occurrence, it was because this species was described without providing information on the collecting locality in Brazil.

RESULTS
The list presented below includes 460 species in 97 genera and 30 families, with distribution in Brazilian states.    thirty-nine species not described and a new genus not described (Genus ca. Goja) were included in this list. Based on the data above, there were 385 species and 93 genera described or recorded for Brazil to 2009. In this paper, only described species were considered, totaling 460 species in 97 genera and 30 families for the Brazilian psocid fauna (Figs. 1, 2). The number of psocid species recorded in Brazil was increased from 2009 to the beginning of 2020 by seventy-six species, four genera (Lithoseopsis Mockford, Neotrogla Lienhard, Ptiloneura Enderlein and Spurostigma Eertmoed) and two families (Prionoglarididae Karny and Spurostigmatidae Eertmoed).
Lienhard & Smithers (2002) recorded for South America 762 species and also suggested that the num-ber of species recorded in Brazil, and in general for South America was highly underestimated. Rafael et al. (2012) in the preface of the book "Insects from Brazil" estimated a total of 2.000 psocid species for Brazil. If this estimation made is close to reality, there would still be around 1.500 psocid species to be described or recorded for Brazil, and hence, these numbers suggest that we still do not know 75% of the Brazilian psocid fauna.
In 2018 a list of 720 species of Psocoptera recorded in Colombia (including species not described) was published and the number of Colombian psocids was therefore increased by 811.4% (García Aldrete et al., 2018). In the list of Colombian species, out of the 720 listed species, only 320 were described species, and therefore Brazil is the country with the most diverse known pso- The largest and most diverse Brazilian psocid family is Psocidae, with 92 species in 23 genera, followed by Ptiloneuridae (56 species in 7 genera), Epipsocidae (46 species in 5 genera), and Lachesillidae (49 species in 7 genera) (Figs. 1, 2). Ptiloneuridae was the family that most increased its diversity in Brazil, from 19 species and  five genera in 2009 to 56 species and seven genera in 2020 (Figs. 1, 2).
Brazil is divided in 26 states and a Federal District. Psocid species were recorded in 23 of these Brazilian states (Fig. 3). The northern region of Brazil is the most diverse in number of species, with 228 species, totaling 49% of all the Brazilian psocid fauna and especially the following states: Roraima (91 species), Amazonas (77 species) and Pará (50 species) (Fig. 3).
Among the Brazilian regions, the Northeast region has the lowest number of Psocoptera species records (Fig. 3). This fact has already been emphasized by Silva- The most diverse Brazilian state in terms of number of families, genera and species is the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso, located in the Midwest region of Brazil (Fig. 3). Mato Grosso had its South region separated in 1977 to originate the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The most species of Psocoptera described for that location were collected before 1977 and had information not so accurate on exact collection locations, sometimes just information: Mato Grosso. In this way, many of the species in these papers recorded in Mato Grosso, may have been collected in the current region of the Mato Grosso do Sul and perhaps for this reason, the latter is one of the three Brazilian states without records of Psocoptera species.
In the southern region of Brazil, the state of Santa Catarina appears with a considerable diversity with 53 species recorded. Most of the psocids species in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina were collected and sent to foreign Psocoptera specialists, by the German entomologist Fritz Plaumann, resident in Santa Catarina, who in 70 years of work (1924 to 1994), catalogued about 80 thousand specimens of 17 thousand different insect species, of which 1,500 were unknown to science and among these hundreds of psocid species.
In addition to the megadiversity of the Brazilian psocid fauna, its high level of endemism is remarkable, with 75% (343) of Brazilian psocid species exclusive to its na-tional territory. In the future, with the increase of studies of psocid fauna in South America, many of the species endemic to Brazil may lose that status.  The Brazilian state with the largest number of endemic psocid species is Mato Grosso (61 species), followed by the states of Roraima (61 species), Amazonas (45 species), Santa Catarina (32 species) and Bahia 18 (species) (Fig. 4). In the future, with the increase of studies of the psocid fauna in different states and regions, the tendency is that cases of endemism by states and regions will have a considerable decrease, demonstrating more clearly the true patterns of distribution of species of Psocoptera in Brazil.