New species of Loneura Navás, 1927 (Insecta: Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’: Ptiloneuridae) from Peru

Two species of Peruvian Loneura Navás, L. amakii sp. nov., and L. kosnipatensis sp. nov., are here described and illustrated; they belong in infrageneric group II of González Obando et al. (2020). The number of species of Peruvian Loneura is raised to four. The number of species of Loneura is raised to 38.


INTRODUCTION
Loneura Navás, 1927, is one of eleven genera in the family Ptiloneuridae (Psocodea: Epipsocetae). The genus was re-defined, and some of the species included in it were transferred to Ptiloneura Enderlein . Loneura presently includes 36 described species (García Aldrete et al., 2011a, 2011bMendivil Nieto et al., 2017;Moura Lima et al., 2019;González Obando et al., 2020;González Obando & Carrejo-Gironza, 2020). The species described to date have been found in Belice, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama and Peru. From samplings with led light traps and direct search in natural areas of Cuzco, Peru, two other species of Loneura were found, to reach four species recorded for this country. These two species are described and illustrated below.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The specimens were collected with a LED light trap and direct search on tree bark, using canvas beating sheets and oral aspirators. Three specimens were available for study, they were dissected in 80% ethanol, and their parts were mounted on glass slides in Canada balsam following standard procedures. For the preparation of the plates, the protocol regularly used in other studies of psocids was followed (see González Obando et al., 2011).
Color was recorded from whole specimens, observed under a dissecting microscope illuminated with cold white light at 50X. Measurements (given in µm) of parts on the glass slides (head, right wings and legs and genitalia), were taken with a micrometer, mounted on a Nikon Eclipse Ci microscope.
Abbreviations of parts measured are as follows: H: head median length (in dorsal view); MxW: maximum width of head capsule; Mx2, Mx4: lengths of second and fourth segment of right maxillary palpus, f1…fn: lengths of flagellomeres 1…n of right antenna, IO, D and d, respectively: minimum distance between compound eyes, antero-posterior diameter and transverse diameter of right compound eye, all in dorsal view of head; FW and HW: lengths of right fore-and hind-wings; W and w: width of fore-hind-wings; lp: pterostigma length; wp: pterostigma width; al: areola postica length; ah: areola postica height; F, T, t1-t3: lengths of femur, tibia and tarsomeres 1-3 of right hind leg, ctt1: number of ctenidiobothria on t1 of right hind leg.  (Fig. 5) of a single sclerite, resulting from the fusion of the proximal ends of the side sclerites to the central sclerite, with great median concavity distally, outer margins strongly convex, posterior lobes with short processes tapered apically, curved inward (Fig. 5). Phallosome Y-shaped anteriorly, side struts slender, basally separated and articulated by a thin membrane; external parameres wide, with pores, no teeth on outer margin (Fig. 6). Three pairs of endophallic sclerites, anterior pair overlapping with lateral endophallic sclerites forming wide sclerites, each with elongated lateral lobes, anterior margins with fine and short teeth, and with an elongated process curved outward, mesal sclerite laminar, anterior margin with wide concavity (Fig. 6). Paraprocts ( Fig. 4) robust, oval, with setal fields and macrosetae as illustrated; sensory fields with 23-28 trichobothria on basal rosettes. Epiproct ( Fig. 4) semioval, with short setae and a field of microspicules and microsetae anteriorly. Etymology: This species is dedicated to Florencio Amanki, inhabitant and protector of a "paradise" in the Peruvian jungle (Sapam Sachayoc-Tunky Wasi).
Male: Color: Body brown. Head pattern (Fig. 9), a dark brown transverse band from the inner border of each compound eye to the ocellar triangle and to the epistomal sulcus. Vertex, occiput and postocciput light brown. Compound eyes black, ocelli hyaline, with dark ochre centripetal crescents. Labrum, anteclypeus and postclypeus dark brown. Genae dark brown, postgenae light brown. Antennae: scape dark brown, pedicel and flagellomeres pale brown, cream apically. Maxillary palps: Mx₁ creamy; Mx₂₋₄ brown. Prothorax cream, with small light brown pronotal stripe. Tergal lobes of mesoand metathorax creamy, with small light brown spots. Mesothoracic pleura dark brown, with cream small areas; metathoracic pleura cream, with small brown areas. Legs pale brown, fore-coxae brown, mid-coxae cream, with small brown spot, hind-coxae cream; trochanters and femora cream, femora with two small brown rings; tibiae and tarsi pale brown. Wings almost hyaline, with small brown spots, veins dark brown. Forewings mostly hyaline, pterostigma with large proximal and distal dark brown bands, veins with dark brown spots distally, at wing margin; a brown submarginal band from R₄₊₅ to areola postica; a dark brown spot in distal part of Cu₁ and end of cell cu₂ (Fig. 7). Hindwings with brown spots on vein ends, R₄₊₅ and M, at wing margin. Abdomen cream, with small ochre subcuticular spots; clunium and phallosome brown. Hypandrium brown to cream. Epiproct and paraprocts light brown.

DISCUSSION
The species of Loneura known in Peru is raised to four. Until 2019 the only known Loneura species in Peru was L. erwini (New & Thornton, 1988), originally described as Ptiloneura (Loneura); now L. garcialdretei González Obando & Carrejo-Gironza, 2020, and the two species described above, belong to the same species group (Group II: Hypandrium of a single sclerite resulting from the fusion of the proximal ends of the side sclerites to the central sclerite, this extended mesally on each side, and with two posterior projections in the middle, variously shaped). The species in this group are somewhat similar to those with forewings with a submarginal brown band, with segments arc-shaped, or with long spots only at the end of each cell m (Figs. 7, 13) but differ considerably in head pattern, and details of the hypandrium and phallosome. By the shape of the hypandrium L. amankii sp. nov. is somewhat similar to L. amazonica (New), but differing from it by the shape of the endophallic sclerites and by details of the hypandrium. By the coloration pattern of the head and wings. Loneura kosnipatensis sp. nov. is similar to several species of group II; by the shape of the hypandrium it is similar to L. amazonica (New). By the shape of the endophallic sclerites it is similar to L. zuluagai González Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Panche & Garcia-Aldrete. Differs from them and from similar species in group II by the shape of the hypandrium and endophallic sclerites (Figs. 11,12).
The number of species in Loneura is raised to 38. The number of species assigned in Group II, characterized by having the hypandrium of a single sclerite, is raised to 19 (Table 1) which constitutes 50% of the species described in the genus.
It is pertinent to remember that the character "hypandrium of a single sclerite" is shared with five species of Euplocania in species group Bonaverensis (González Obando et al., 2018), which points to the need to clarify the relationships among the genera of Ptiloneuridae. Also, it would be advisable to consider the species known only from females (L. brasiliensis Roesler, L. erwini New & Thornton, L. lienhardi García-Aldrete, L. maesi García Aldrete, L. murui González Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Panche & Garcia-Aldrete, and L. quinaria Navás), as well as the females with uncertain assignment to species group.
Posterior lobes of the hypandrium distally widened, with parallel margins, each with short latero-posterior processes, projected from postero-lateral corners (Fig. 5). Phallosome with lateral endophallic sclerites apparently fused with the anterior sclerite, C-shaped ....... L. garcialdretei González Obando & Carrejo -Posterior lobes of hypandrium not widened distally as above or without latero-posterior processes (Fig. 11) Hypandrium with each posterior lobe angled in outer margin and with narrow posterior process of rounded apex, extended as a continuation of the internal margin (Fig. 11). Mesal endophallic sclerites not fused, elongate. Lateral endophallic sclerites lobular, narrow, almost transverse (Fig. 12)  Considering the altitudinal distribution range of the known species of Loneura, the challenge is to carry out more explorations, in more areas, especially in the Amazonian foothills of Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela, as well as in mountainous areas of Brazil and other neotropical countries. Based on the exploratory work carried out in Colombia, the country most species rich for Loneura (Table 1) (García Aldrete et al., 2011b, 2012Mendivil Nieto et al., 2017;González Obando et al., 2020;González Obando & Carrejo-Gironza, 2020), transferring the results of this effort to natural areas of other countries in the Amazon Basin, the number of species could probably be dramatically increased, in accordance with the megadiverse nature of these countries.