Magnana, a new genus of Gyponini from Southeastern Brazil (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Iassinae)

A new leafhopper genus in the tribe Gyponini is proposed based on Magnana splendida gen. nov. et sp. nov., from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Representatives of the new genus differ from other genera in the tribe mainly by the large body size, the narrow head, moderately produced anterad, the rugose crown and frons, the ventral surface of metatarsomere I with two double rows of setae, and the aedeagus bearing atrial processes. Detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided, as well as remarks on the morphology of other gyponine genera.


INTRODUCTION
Iassinae Walker, 1870 is one of the most diverse subfamilies of Cicadellidae, including more than 2,000 species and 170 genera distributed worldwide, which are currently classified into 12 tribes (Krishnankutty et al., 2016;Domahovski, 2020).
Gyponini Stål, 1870, whose representatives are restricted to the New World, is a well-supported monophyletic tribe, considered as sister group to the Caribbean genus Lipokrisna Freytag 2012 (Iassinae: Lipokrisnini) (Krishnankutty et al., 2016). Members of Gyponini and Lipokrisna are thought to have diverged around 100 Ma and diversified in the Neotropical region after the separation of Africa from South America (Engel & Takiya, 2012;Krishnankutty et al., 2016). Dispersal into the Nearctic region probably occurred after the rise of the Panamanian isthmus during the Eocene period (Nielson & Knight, 2000).
Gyponini currently comprises 1,404 species in 70 genera, encompassing most of the species diversity in Iassinae Freytag, 2020). However, the Neotropical iassine fauna and its host plants remain poorly known (Dai & Dietrich, 2015;Krishnankutty et al., 2016;Domahovski, 2020). Members of this tribe can be distinguished from other iassines by the following combination of features: (1) ocelli on crown, distant from head margin; (2) head often produced anteriorly with well delimited crown-face transition; and (3) hind wing with veins R₄₊₅ and M₁₊₂ free (Dietrich, 2005;Krishnankutty et al., 2016). Specimens are mostly collected with the aid of sweeping nets and yellow plates, however, Malaise and light traps are the most effective methods for sampling these insects (Domahovski & Cavichioli, 2018).
This paper aims to describe a new genus of Gyponini, based on Magnana splendida gen. nov. et sp. nov. from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The specimen studied is deposited in the Coleção Entomológica Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil (DZUP).
Verbatim label data are transcribed between quotation marks, with a backslash (\) separating the lines on the labels. Abbreviations used in the descriptions are as follows: AD = anterodorsal; AV = anteroventral; PD = posterodorsal; PV = posteroventral; IC = Intercalary. Description: Large-sized and robust. Head, dorsal view (Figs. 1, 16): distinctly narrower than pronotum, transocular width seven-tenths of pronotal humeral width, moderately produced anterad, median length longer than half interocular width, anterior margin of crown subtriangular, surface strongly rugose, slightly concave near anterior margin; ocellus small-sized, approximately equidistant between median line and eye margin, and between anterior and posterior margins of crown; coronal suture indistinct. Head, ventral view ( Fig. 2): face slightly wider than long; frontogenal sutures distant from eye margins by slightly less than maximum width of clypeus, surpassing antennal ledges, extended to anterior margin of crown; antennal ledge carinate, obliquely descending and slightly extended over frons; frons 1.6× longer than wide, texture rugose; epistomal suture indistinct; gena with deep striae, lateral margin excavated just below eyes, ventrolateral margin straight; maxillary plates reaching apex of clypeus; lora striate and rugose; clypeus 1.3× longer than its maximum width, lateral margins parallel, apex straight and carinated. Head, lateral view (Figs. 3, 17): crown-face transition distinct, slender but not foliaceous, irregular striae laterally, middle portion smooth; frons and clypeus not inflated.
Profemur: AD, AM and PD rows reduced and poorly defined, except for apical setae AD₁, AM₁ and PD₁, respec-tively; AV and PV including 3-4 and 3 setae respectively; IC row formed by slightly arched comb of fine setae, from distal third of femur to AM₁. Protibia: dorsal surface concave, round longitudinal carina adjacent to PD row; AV row formed by short setae, slightly longer and thicker toward apex, apical setae shorter than maximum diameter of protibia; AD and PD rows formed by undifferentiated setae, bearing few slightly longer and thicker intercalary setae; PV row with 7 longer setae intercalated by undifferentiated setae. Hind leg femoral setal formula 2:2:1. Metatibia: AD row lacking intercalary setae between macrosetae; PD, AD and AV rows bearing 20, 12 and 16 macrosetae, respectively. Metatarsomere I (Fig. 5): two double rows of setae, base not cucullate; apex with 6 platellae. Metatarsomere II (Fig. 5): apex with 4 platellae.

Female: Unknown.
Etymology: The generic name Magnana (feminine noun) is derived from the Latin word "magnus" meaning great or large. It refers to the fact this is one of the largest leafhoppers presently recorded for the tribe Gyponini. The suffix -ana is common in Gyponini genus names. Distribution: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Notes: As noted in the genus diagnosis, Magnana gen. nov. exhibits a singular combination of morphological features which readily separates this group from other genera in the tribe. Magnana gen. nov. shares a few traits with Declivara DeLong &Freytag, 1971 andFlexana DeLong &Freytag, 1971, such as: a large body; a rugose crown; a very narrow forewing appendix; and atrial processes in the aedeagus. However, Magnana gen. nov. differs in having a much narrower head as compared to the humeral width of pronotum; crown moderately produced anterad; crown-face transition distinct and slender; slightly declivorous pronotum; forewing lacking extra cross-veins; first tarsomere with two double rows of simple setae on ventral surface; and processes absent in the pygofer. In contrast, Declivara and Flexana have a distinctly wide head; short crown, not produced; crown-face transition indistinct and thick; pronotum strongly declivous; forewing with extra cross-veins; first tarsomere with two simple rows of cucullate setae; and pygofer bearing processes.
Despite the similarities between these genera, their phylogenetic relationship still needs to be investigated based on morphological and/or molecular data.
Description: External morphological characters as in generic description.
Male terminalia: Sternite VIII (Fig. 5) ed and convergent posterad; posterior margin slightly undulated. Valve (Fig. 7), in ventral view, 2× wider than long; integument thickened on anterior margin only; posterior margin notched medially. Pygofer (Fig. 8), in lateral view, 1.8× longer than maximum height; ventral margin broadly round, bearing small setae; apex slightly tapered and round; macrosetae dispersed near apex and dorsal margin; in dorsal view (Fig. 9), apical portion of inner margin finely serrated, but not produced into process. Subgenital plate (Fig. 8), in lateral view, produced posteriorly almost as far as pygofer apex; in ventral view (Fig. 10), elongated, 4.5× longer than wide; lateral margins approximately straight; external margin and ventral surface bearing short setae; apex round. Connective (Fig. 11), in dorsal view, stalk present, wider than long; arms curved anterad, dorsal keel small. Style (Fig. 12), in dorsal view, with outer lobe well-developed, round; in lateral view (Fig. 13), blade elongated and sigmoid; external surface bearing small setae except on apical portion; apical portion with ventral margin serrated; apex slightly curved dorsally. Aedeagus (Figs. 14, 15) with preatrium reduced; dorsal apodeme not expanded laterally; atrial processes with dorsal and ventral margins almost parallel; apex tapered and rounded, curved inwards; shaft tubular and elongated, curved dorsally near base and straight distally; apex with one short subapical process on anterior surface, curved ventrally, and pair of slightly longer apical processes, with branched apex, directed ventrally.

Female: unknown.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the singular beauty of this leafhopper.