An annotated catalogue of Echinodermata types in the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil

The types of nominal species of Echinodermata in the collection of the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo are catalogued: Holothuroidea (19 species – 16 holotypes, 1 paratype and 2 neotypes) and Ophiuroidea (4 species – 1 neotype and 3 paratypes). Photographs of all the type specimens are given. A brief account of the history of the MZUSP’s echinoderm collections is presented.


INTRODUCTION
Natural history museums are entrusted to collect and interpret material evidence of our biological heritage, and to impart education and promote awareness of key issues through exhibits to all people irrespective of educational background.
This privileged position comes with the responsibility to organize, preserve, and make natural history specimens and information accessible as a public good. Museum collections are held in trust and it is institutional responsibility "… publish lists of name-bearing types in its possession or custody; and so far, as possible, communicate information concerning name-bearing types when requested. " (ICZN, 1999: Recommendation 72F).
Type catalogues are fundamental building blocks for solid taxonomic information, which in turn underpin research programs and conservation projections and programs.
Accordingly, the present catalogue is intended to compile and make available a list of all name-bearing types of Echinodermata in the collections of the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), scattered over several publications, spanning from 1989 to 2021.

The Echinodermata collection Taxonomic, temporal, and geographic coverage of collection
The five classes of Echinodermata are represented in the MZUSP's collections (Table 1), but this make up only a fraction of the collections, since there is a growing backlog of yet-to-beidentified specimens.
Most lots in the collection are from Brazil (continental shelf, oceanic islands, and deep waters down to about 1,500 m), although there are collections from other localities, such as the Atlantic coast of North-, Central-and South America, and Africa as well as the Antarctic region.

Physical structure and informatization of records
The material in the collection is stored in sliding steel cabinets ( Fig. 1A-B), separated by classes, families, genera, and species arranged in alphabetical order. The specimens are preserved in ethanol (70%) (Fig. 1C). Dry-preserved lots of Asteroidea, Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea are stored in polypropylene (PP) boxes (Fig. 1D). The type collection (Fig. 1E) is separated from the general collection of Echinodermata. Type specimens are marked with red ribbon. The type collection includes Holothuroidea (80%) and Ophiuroidea (20%). Around 30% of the lots are digitized in electronic sheets (MS Excel® standard) and progressively exported to the software Specify (https://www.specifysoftware.org, Access: 08/05/2021). Currently, the collection is under integra-tion with the Brazilian Biodiversity Information System (SIBBr -https://www.sibbr.gov.br, Access: 08/05/2021), a federal initiative aiming to make available online the biodiversity information stored in the collections.

Collections and collectors
Scientists and research programs from various laboratories and institutions have contributed specimens to the collection of Echinodermata of MZUSP, which resulted in broad geographical coverage along the Brazilian tropical and subtropical coasts (bays, estuaries, continental shelf, and oceanic islands) and deep waters.
Luís Roberto Tommasi. Tommasi served for many years at the Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo (IOUSP). He was the most prolific researcher in Echinodermata in Brazil for many years. After his re-Figure 1. Physical structure of MZUSP's echinoderm collection: (A-C) Sliding cabinets modules with specimens organized by families, genera, and species in steel drawers; (D-F) Aspects of the non-type dry collection and wet type collection, respectively. tirement most of his collections (in various states of conservation and management) were transferred to MZUSP, many of his collections were from southeastern Brazil. Many type specimens of the species described by Tommasi were not clearly marked as such, so that unwelcome taxonomic impediments still exist (e.g., Alitto et al., 2019;Martins & Tavares, 2019a). Maria da Natividade Albuquerque . Nati, as many of her friends knew her, was a professor and researcher at Universidade Santa Úrsula, Rio de Janeiro, and a former PhD student under L.R. Tommasi. She specialized herself in ophiuroids and worked in collaboration with Alain Guille , Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. Nati took part in the French-Brazilian oceanographic cruise of the R/V Marion Dufresne to Brazil (Tavares, 1999). After her death, the collections of shallow water ophiuroids (mostly) amassed by the Marion Dufresne, as well as large collections from northeastern Brazilian coast were transferred to MZUSP.
Cláudio Gonçalves Tiago. Claudio Tiago is currently a researcher at the Center for Marine Biology, Universidade de São Paulo (CEBIMar). Along his career he has contributed specimens to the collection of Echinodermata of MZUSP, mostly from the north coast of the State of São Paulo.
Other collections, too small individually to merit a separate listing of their own, were provided by other scientists and occasional collectors.

Research Programs and Projects
Several Research Programs and Projects contributed collections to MZUSP, including: -BIOPLAT (Van Der Vem et al., 2006;Mendes et al., 2007;Silva et al., 2008;Santi & Tavares, 2009, and references therein): This program aimed at exploring the biodiversity of benthic macrofauna on the southeastern Brazilian coast, with special reference to Guanabara, Sepetiba and Ilha Grande coastal bays. This Research Program is no longer active. -GEOMAR: The Marine Geology and Geophysics GEOMAR Program, which began in 1969, aimed at exploring the geology and geophysics of the Brazilian continental margin. During the dreading operations a wealth of marine organisms were obtained. The study of the GEOMAR collections is scattered over numerous of publications (see for instance Grohmann et al., 2003 and references therein). This Research Program is no longer active. -REVIZEE (Program of Evaluation of the Sustainable Potential of Living Resources in the Economic Exclusive Zone): The REVIZEE was carried out by the Ministry of the Environment and Brazilian Navy with the support of some Brazilian universities, aiming at the survey of the marine biota and its economic potential (Brasil, 2006 (Oliveira et al., 2018). -PROANTAR: This is a Brazilian inter-institutional program (Andrade et al., 2018). The research activities carried out by the Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, in the PROANTAR started in 1982 (Nonato et al., 1992) and is still in progress. Program (USARP, currently USAP), which began in 1955, collected marine samples in the vicinity of Antarctica over nearly two decades (Moser & Nicol, 1997, and references therein).

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The list of types of Echinodermata housed at the MZUSP is herein presented according to the systematic

RESULTS
The following list comprises a total of 22 types, 19 of which from Holothuroidea (16 holotypes, 1 paratype and 2 neotypes) distributed in two orders, 6 families and 12 genera, and 3 of Ophiuroidea (1 neotype and 2 paratypes), from one order, one family and one genus ( Table 2).
Within the family, genera and species are presented in alphabetical order.        (Freire & Grohmann, 1989).