A new species of Marganana (Declivana) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Gyponini), the first record of the genus from Brazil

. Marganana DeLong, 1948 currently includes three species known to occur in the United States, Mexico and Guyana. In this paper, we describe a new species from Brazil – Marganana (Declivana) tetramaculata sp. nov. – which represents the first record of this genus for the country. A revised diagnosis of the subgenus Declivana is provided, along with detailed descriptions and illustrations of males and females of the new species. A key to the four species of Marganana is also provided.


INTRODUCTION
The New World tribe Gyponini Stål, 1870 is the largest of the 12 tribes of Iassinae Walker, 1870, currently comprising 1,448 described species classified into 75 genera. To date, 347 species and 42 genera are known to occur in Brazil (Domahovski & Cavichioli, 2021, 2022Domahovski, 2021;Gonçalves et al., 2021, Laranjeira et al., 2022, Silva et al., 2022Takiya et al., 2022. These leafhoppers can be collected by sweeping shrubs, trees, grasses or herbaceous vegetation in the understory. However, light and Malaise traps are the most effective methods for sampling this group (Domahovski & Cavichioli, 2018). The tribe appears to be much more diverse than currently known, as 11 genera and 71 new species have been discovered in the last six years (e.g., Domahovski & Cavichioli, 2017Freytag, 2018Freytag, , 2022Gonçalves et al., 2017). Based on the large number of undescribed species deposited in Brazilian collections, it is estimated that Gyponini likely includes over 2,000 species (Gonçalves et al., 2021). Despite its substantial diversity, their life history, ecology, behavior, host plants and natural enemies remain poorly known. Although these records are scarce, known parasites of gyponines include species in Pipunculidae, Strepsiptera, and Dryinidae (Martins et al., 2020).
The genus Marganana was erected by DeLong (1942)   , Marganana can be recognized by the following features: head nearly as broad as pronotum; anterior margin of crown thick and carinate; face short and broad; crown sloping forward with surface transversely striated; ocelli closer to the median line than to eye margin; pronotum broad and transversely striate; forewing with venation not reticulate (except in M. mexicana, reticulate), with veins clearly visible; appendix developed; row AD of metatibia lacking small setae between macrosetae; aedeagus without apodemal processes, and gonopore apical.
In this paper, we describe the second species of Marganana (Declivana) based on representatives collected in the Brazilian states of Amazonas, Pará, Mato Grosso and Maranhão. This new species constitutes the first record of the genus Marganana for the country, which now includes records for 44 genera in the tribe Gyponini . A revised diagnosis is provided for the subgenus Declivana, in addition to a key for the males of Marganana. The terminology used in the descriptions mainly follows Young (1968Young ( , 1977, except for features of the head (Hamilton, 1981;Mejdalani, 1998), wings (Dietrich, 2005), and legs (Rakitov, 1997). Techniques used for the dissection of male genitalia follow Oman (1949), with a few modifications proposed by Cavichioli & Takiya (2012). The term gonoplac is used according to Mejdalani (1998). Digital habitus images were obtained with a Leica MZ12.5 stereomicroscope with attached digital cam SCMOS 14000KPA. Photos were stacked using the CombineZ5 software. Illustrations of the male genitalia were drawn with Adobe Illustrator CS6 software. The gonoplac and first and second valvulae were separated and mounted on a temporary slide, immersed in glycerin and stabilized with a cover slip. Digital images were taken with an Nikon optical microscope attached to a digital camera (SCMOS 05100KPB).

Remarks:
This revised diagnosis is based on the original description of DeLong &  and excludes the following features: (1) "anterior margin of crown thick", which is observed in all species of the genus; (2) "pygofer short and robust" which is slightly longer in M. tetramaculata sp. nov. compared to M. equata but does not differ in length from the other congeners; (3) "pygofer with apical process spine-like" which in M. tetramaculata sp. nov. is rounded apically and serrated ventrally; (4) "subgenital plate elongate and flattened" which does not differ from the other species; and (5) "aedeagus with a pair of very short terminal processes" which in M. tetramaculata sp. nov. are long. Features marked with an asterisk (*) are new inclusions to the genus diagnosis. It is important to emphasize that the feature "pronotum more than 3× as long as crown length", as characterized by , needs to be observed in dorsal view. The median length of the crown is about 2.5× as long as the median length of pronotum in both species, if measured in lateral view.

Head:
In dorsal view (Figs. 1, 23), not produced; median length approximately ⅓ of interocular width; transocu-lar width slightly wider than maximum pronotum width; crown with parallel transverse striae; anterior and posterior margins nearly parallel; anterior margin not produced over margin of eye. Ocellus small, distinctly closer to median line than to eye margin and equidistant to anterior and posterior margins of crown. In ventral view (Fig. 2), face almost 2× as wide as long; distance between frontogenal suture and eye margin equivalent to 1.5× clypeus width, suture extending toward antennal ledge but not reaching anterior margin of crown; antennal ledge carinate, almost parallel to anterior margin; frons small and triangular, approximately as long as wide, surface with texture shagreen, not excavated below anterior margin of crown; epistomal suture indistinct; maxillary plate projected ventrally, extended as far as clypeus apex; gena wide with short pubescence, ventrolateral margin rounded and weakly excavated below eye margin; clypeus 1.7× longer than wide, lateral margins weakly divergent towards apex. In   Figures 1-14 lateral view (Figs. 3, 24), crown-face transition thick, with 6-7 parallel striae; frons and clypeus not inflated.
Wings: Forewing (Fig. 4)  Legs: Profemur 3× longer than wide; AD, AM, and PD rows reduced and poorly defined, except for apical setae AD₁, AM₁ and PD₁ respectively; AV and PV rows formed by 5-6 setae; IC row formed by slightly arched comb of fine setae, beginning at distal third of femur and extending to AM₁. Protibia, in cross-section, more or less cylindrical, with longitudinal carina adjacent to PD row; AV row with setae of basal half short and thin, apical half with 4 long and thick setae; AD row formed by several small, undifferentiated setae; PD row with 3 long setae and undifferentiated setae; dorsal surface with apical setae AD₁ and PD₁ developed; PV row with undifferentiated setae and 4 long setae on apical half. Metafemur with setal formula 2:2:1. Metatibia rows PD, AD, and AV with 21-22, 12, and 10-11 macrosetae respectively; AD row without intercalary setae between macrosetae; PV row with setae of apical half formed by sequence of 1 thicker and 4-5 thinner setae, ending with 2 small and thin setae after the last long and thick seta. Metatarsomere I inner row of plantar surface with 5-6 very small non-cucullate setae; outer row absent; apex with 4 patellae flanked by tapered lateral seta. Metarsomere II pecten with 2 platellae flanked by 2 tapered lateral setae on inner and 1 on external corner.

Etymology:
The species epithet, tetramaculata, refers to the four black spots on the pronotum.