Updated catalog of the Chilean wedge-shaped beetles (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae) with the first records of Macrosiagon flavipennis (LeConte) in Chile

. The biology and ecology of wedge-shaped beetles (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae) are scarcely known in the Neotropical realm. Chilean species of this beetle family are currently represented by two genera: Macrosiagon Hentz, 1830 and Ripiphorus Bosc, 1791


Study sites and collect
Individuals of M. flavipennis were collected by hand and photographed in Arica city (18°28′42″S, 70°19′16″O), which is the greater urban area located at the coast of Northern Chile, near the border with Peru.The ecosystem is found within the subtropical climate with scarce vegetation such as cacti, and seasonal native herbs like Nolana L. ex L.F., Tetragonia L., Cistanthe Spach, or Solanum L. (González & Molina, 2017).Inside the city, parks and gardens are composed mainly of exotic flora, which attracts many native flower-visitors as carpenter bees, oil-collecting bees, or native wasps and exotic Hymenoptera (Aguilera, 1968;Barrera-Medina & Sepúlveda-Osorio, 2014;R. Barahona-Segovia pers. obs.).Ripiphorid individuals also were photographed with a Samsung Galaxy smartphone S21+.
Similarly, new records of R. valdivianus individuals were collected by hand and photographed with a Nikon D7500 camera equipped with Tamron 90 mm f/2.8G and with Nikon 40 D7500 camera also equipped with Raynox DCR 150 mm lens.Finally, M. gayi individuals were captured from several localities, always by hand or using entomological net, stored in 90% alcohol and then, pinned.
To ensure morphological identification of the collected individuals and photos, we follow the description according to Philippi (1861) for R. valdivianus, Solier (1851) for M. gayi, and key species and description of Rivnay (1929) and Vaurie (1955) for M. flavipennis.

Structure of the catalog
Subfamilies, genera and species are listed alphabetically.After the name of each species, old denominations are also provided.The material type subsection presents as follows: type kind when is available (e.g., holotype, allotype), type-specimen sex, repository collection of the type, and type locality.New Records in Chile were mainly based on examined material from different collections and were presented by geopolitical regions from North to South.The dataset includes specific location + georef-erencing + collector (Leg.) and the acronym of the museum or collection where the specimen is deposited in brackets.Citizen science occurrences of M. flavipennis, M. gayi and R. valdivianus were obtained from a social media group (Facebook) devoted to recording Chilean arthropod biodiversity (https://web.facebook.com/groups/1566907606922926).Photos provided by citizen scientist were included as photographic collection and indicated the acronym [CSO].For this work, we created the section 'bibliography' , which contains all pertinent literature per genera, species, their synonyms, or new combinations reported for Chile (for example, "Macrosiagon gayi AND Chile" or "Macrosiagon AND Neotropics"), which was reviewed on the ISI web of Science, SciELO, as well as Google Scholar.'Distribution' section shows the geopolitical occurrence of the Chilean Ripiphordae.Maps were produced with ArcGIS v.10.4. 1 (ESRI, 2019).We include the 'Diagnosis' section to highlight the principal morphological characteristics and because the original description for some species is old and poor.The color of individuals was treated and identified with a Munsell table.Finally, we add new interaction records with flowers and natural history in the section 'Biology' .

Catalog of Chilean
Diagnosis: M. flavipennis is specific by black head and pronotum; concave vertex and a medial protuberance distally acuminate on the posterior margin of the pro- notum (Figs.1-4).Legs entirely black with claws brownish-red.Males of M. flavipennis have black abdomen (Figs.1-2) and females have a brownish-red with dark terminal tergites (Figs.3-4).The anterior part of elytra usually has a narrow transverse yellow stripe, where the posterior margin is semicircular; the posterior part of elytra is black.Black wings, not covered completely by elytra.Males without hairy pads on the fore protarsi.
Biology: Males were collected in a public park, whereas the female was photographed feeding on Lantana (Verbenaceae) and Gazania (Asteraceae) (Fig. 5).Macrosiagon flavipennis has been recorded parasitizing the cocoon of wasps (Barber, 1915) and visiting plants of the family Lamiaceae (Graham et al., 2012).
Diagnosis: Body is black with deep punctuation (Figs.7-9).Pronotum with variable colors.Some individuals with anterior margin of pronotum black, with an inverted black 'U' in the middle 9), the rest of the pronotum is brownish-red.Some specimens present lateral margins and middle of pronotum brownish-red, the black portion of pronotum covering all anterior margin, and posterior part of pronotum brownish-red (Fig. 9).Elytra is entirely brownish-red (Figs. the humeral part in some individuals, which is darker (Fig. 9).Wings with anterior parts brownish-red, posterior parts hyaline (Fig. 9).Basal part of metatibia and basal metatarsomere rufous (Figs.9-10).The tibial spurs and claws brownish-red (Figs.9-10).Posterior sternites partly brownish-rufous.Distribution: From Mexico to Argentina (Falin, 2004).In Chile, only known to Valdivia, Los Ríos region (Fig. 13).
Diagnosis: According to Falin (2004), M. vittata resembles M. mutilata, except the frontoclypeal margin, which is straight or slightly emarginate, whereas the frontoclypeal margin of M. mutilata is strongly notched.Male antennae are biflabellated, whereas those of female are single flabellate.The presence of tibial spurs, the second metatarsomere short and dorsally flattened separate M. vittata from other species of the genus (Falin, 2004), except M. mutilate.Additionally, M. vittata has a wide range of coloration, which caused confusion in entomologists, who described several species from the different variations (Falin, 2004).Macrosiagon vittata presents brownish-red to yellow-orange color in pronotum and elytra.Pronotum mostly black with posterior margin yellow-orange.Elytra can have a uniformly brownish-red color or present black maculae in humeral as well as apical margins of the elytra.Legs are entirely brownish.
Diagnosis: Black body with abundant and short brownish pilosity on the head and oral parts.Head with a short projection densely pilose on the vertex (Fig. 11).Frons concave and strongly crenulate (Fig. 11).Flabellate antenna longer than the total height of the head.Elytra very short, brownish-red; metathoracic wings with a wide, transverse, black median band (Fig. 12).Fore and middle legs completely orange reddish with abundant brown pilosity.Posterior legs black, except the dorso-anterior part of the femora, which is orange reddish.Abdomen brownish with some parts darker.
Biology: Ripiphorus valdivianus is endemic to Chile.This species was recorded by Philippi (1861)

DISCUSSION
The genus Macrosiagon is the richest genus of wedge-shaped beetles and is widely distributed worldwide (Falin, 2004).Species of Macrosiagon have several hosts recorded from aculeate wasps (Crabronidae, Pompilidae, Scoliidae, Sphecidae, Tiphiidae, Thynnidae, Vespidae) to solitary bees like Apidae, Halictidae and Megachilidae (Ulysséa & Albertoni, 2020).Here, we report the presence of M. flavipennis in northern Chile, a species otherwise commonly found in the southern USA, Mexico and Caribbean Islands, and previously recorded from Argentina (sensu Vaurie, 1955).Macrosiagon flavipennis is found inhabiting the urban area, feeding on ornamental flowers and could parasitize native or exotic Hymenoptera species.Our records demonstrate that the Chilean population of M. flavipennis has been established for many years, but its abundance is considered low compared with other beetle families that visit flowers.Further studies could reveal the biology of this parasitoid (host species and flower visited) as well as its abundance, distribution and environmental data that influence these ecological parameters.
Natural history of the Chilean Ripiphoridae remains unknown (Elgueta & Arriagada, 1989).Although other countries have recently generated important contributions on the hosts of some Macrosiagon species (Barreda & Ayala Landa, 2020;Ulysséa & Albertoni, 2020), further fieldwork is needed to better understand the biology of these elusive beetles.Recently, Cid-Arcos & Ramírez-Cuadros (2022) described the biology of Nemognatha nigrotarsata (Fairmaire & Germain, 1861), including the first record of triungulin of this species parasitizing primarily on Diadasia sp.(Apidae: Emphorini) as the primary vector.On the other hand, R. valdivianus belongs to a genus with many species that parasite Halictidae bees and Apidae (Batelka & Straka, 2011).Some of these bee genera are represented in Chile.They are widely distributed across various ecosystems (Montalva & Ruz, 2010).Therefore, there is a great chance to supplement the presently known distribution and fill the distributional gaps in the Chilean wedge-shaped beetles.Finally, in part, our work presented new distribution information generated by opportunistic records by naturalists and macrophotography.These records are valuable given that they provide other sources of evidence, high-resolution images of the individuals in their natural environment and contribute significantly to the natural history of species from which there is not much information available.AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTIONS: RMBS: conceived the idea, collected the data, and wrote the first draft.AP, VVG, RVV, ARC: provided the individuals, photos, dataset, natural history information, and corrections.LPM: generates the map and suggestions.All authors contributed equally to the revision of the manuscript and approved their publication.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
Authors declare there are not conflicts of interest.

FUNDING INFORMATION:
The first author grateful to Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, grant ANID-FONDECYT 3200817.
Type material: Female, Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, Germany.Type locality: Coquimbo, Chile.New records: Chile: Coquimbo: Pisco Elqui, 16.i.2022,Leg.Vicente Villablanca [CPVVM]; Metropolitana: Macrosiagon gayi is endemic to Chile.Individuals described here were collected mainly in Mediterranean ecosystems at different altitudes and they are apparently associated with various plants such as Baccharis linearis (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.or B. salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.as well as Quillaja saponaria Molina.The hosts remain unknown for this species.
Falin (2004)dults of M. vittata parasitizing on Exomalopsis bruesi Cockerell, in Peru.There are no new records available.Falin (2004)concluded that the type specimens of M. brasiliense and M. pectoralis stored in MNHN, represent color variations of M. vittata and therefore, those were synonymized under M. vittata.