COVID-19 em China, Itália e Estados Unidos da América: uma breve revisão
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1679-9836.v100i2p162-170Palavras-chave:
Infecções por Coronavírus, Epidemiologia, Pandemia, Sinais e sintomasResumo
Em dezembro de 2019, um novo coronavírus foi identificado e associado à ocorrência de pneumonia de causa desconhecida na China. SARS-CoV-2 rapidamente disseminou-se, e, atualmente, a COVID-19 é classificada como pandemia. O objetivo desse estudo consiste em discutir as características gerais da COVID-19, incluindo a epidemiologia, transmissão, medidas de controle, virologia, diagnóstico, apresentações clínicas e achados radiológicos e laboratoriais. Nesse contexto, foram consultados artigos publicados em base de dados com a finalidade de comparação entre países mais afetados na Ásia, Europa e América até 31 de março de 2020. A principal forma de transmissão ocorre entre humanos por secreções respiratórias, e estudos indicam um substancial envolvimento de pacientes assintomáticos nesse processo. Pacientes com COVID-19 são predominantemente homens e podem apresentar inúmeros sintomas, especialmente febre e tosse. Hipertensão arterial e diabetes mellitus foram as comorbidades mais comuns. Pior prognóstico está associados a aumento da idade, comorbidades e complicações. Anormalidades na tomografia computadorizada de tórax são frequentes, sendo opacidades em vidro fosco e infiltrados bilaterais os padrões pulmonares mais comuns, contudo porcentagem significativa dos pacientes não apresenta alterações na admissão. Exames laboratoriais normalmente apresentam linfocitopenia, aumento de contagem de neutrófilos e plaquetas, velocidade de hemossedimentação, lactato desidrogenase, proteína C reativa, ferritina, bilirrubina total, aspartato aminotransferase, alanina aminotransferase, creatinina, creatina fosfoquinase, mioglobina, glicose e citocinas. Apesar dos achados radiológicos e laboratoriais apresentarem similaridades na China, Itália e EUA, as taxas de mortalidade podem ser conflitantes, sugerindo, portanto, a necessidade de estudos de acordo com cada região.
Downloads
Referências
Guo Y, Cao Q, Hong Z, Tan Y, Chen S, Jin H, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status. Military Med Res. 2020;7(1):1-10. doi: 10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0.
Wu D, Wu T, Liu Q, Yang Z. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: What we know. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:44-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.004.
Wang N, Shang J, Jiang S, Du L. Subunit vaccines against emerging pathogenic human coronaviruses. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:298. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00298.
Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):8. doi: 10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x.
World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report – 71. Genève; 2020 [cited 2020 April 01]. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200331-sitrep-71-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=4360e92b_8.
World Health Organization. COVID-19 strategic preparedness and response plan operational planning guidelines to support country preparedness and response. Genève; 2020 [cited 2020 April 23]. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/covid-19-sprp-unct-guidelines.pdf.
World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 51. Genève; 2020 [cited 2020 April 27]. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200311-sitrep-51-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=1ba62e57_10.
World Health Organization. WHO COVID-19 Dashboard. Genève; 2020 [cited 2020 May 05]. Covid19.who.int. 2020. Available from: https://covid19.who.int.
Han Y, Yang H. The transmission and diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus infection disease (COVID‐19): a Chinese perspective. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):639-44. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25749.
Gandhi R, Lynch J, del Rio C. Mild or moderate Covid-19. New Engl J Med. 2020;383(18):1757-66. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp2009249.
Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, Lu R, Han K, Wu G, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1843-4. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.3786.
Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou C, He J, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708-20. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032.
Lippi G, Mattiuzzi C, Sanchis-Gomar F, Henry B. Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients dying from COVID-19 in Italy versus China. J Med Virol. 2020;92:1759-60. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25860.
Arons M, Hatfield K, Reddy S, Kimball A, James A, Jacobs J, et al. Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections and transmission in a skilled nursing facility. New Engl Med. 2020;382:2081-90. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2008457.
Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients. New Engl J Med. 2020;382(12):1177-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2001737.
Wei W, Li Z, Chiew C, Yong S, Toh M, Lee V. Presymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 — Singapore, January 23–March 16, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:411-5. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6914e1.
Tong Z, Tang A, Li K, Li P, Wang H, Yi J, et al. Potential presymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Zhejiang Province, China, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(5):1052-4. doi: 10.3201/eid2605.200198.
Qian G, Yang N, Ma A, Wang L, Li G, Chen X, et al. COVID-19 transmission within a family cluster by presymptomatic carriers in China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;94:133-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.042.
World Health Organization. COVID‑19 strategy update - 14 April 2020. Genève; 2020 [cited 2020 April 23]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/covid-19-strategy-update---14-april-2020.
Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho C, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051729.
Lima C, Carvalho P, Lima I, Nunes J, Saraiva J, de Souza R, et al. The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatr Res. 2020;287:112915. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915.
Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Iosifidis C, et al. The Socio-Economic Implications of the Coronavirus and COVID-19 Pandemic: a review. Int J Surg. 2020;78:185-93. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018.
Page K, Venkataramani M, Beyrer C, Polk S. Undocumented U.S. Immigrants and Covid-19. New Engl J Med. 2020; 382(21):e62. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2005953.
Liu J, Zheng X, Tong Q, Li W, Wang B, Sutter K, et al. Overlapping and discrete aspects of the pathology and pathogenesis of the emerging human pathogenic coronaviruses SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV, and 2019‐nCoV. J Med Virol. 2020;92(5):491-4. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25709.
Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565-74. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.
Shereen M, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Siddique R. COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. J Adv Res. 2020;24:91-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005.
Wang L, Wang Y, Ye D, Liu Q. Review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on current evidence. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(6):105948. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105948.
de Wit E, van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster V. SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nature Rev Microbiol. 2016;14(8):523-34. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81.
Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, Han P, Hao J, Han Z. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Front Med. 2020;14(2):185-92. doi: 10.1007/s11684-020-0754-0.
World Health Organization. Global surveillance for COVID-19 caused by human infection with COVID-19 virus: interim guidance, 20 March 2020. Genève; 2020 [cited 2020 April 23]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331506.
World Health Organization. Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in suspected human cases: interim guidance, 2 March 2020. Genève; 2020 [cited 2020 April 23]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331329.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). 2020 [cited 2020 April 30]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/guidelines-clinical-specimens.html.
Sharfstein J, Becker S, Mello M. Diagnostic Testing for the Novel Coronavirus. JAMA. 2020;323(15):1437. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.3864.
Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1775-6. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.4683.
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):475-81. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5.
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7.
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585.
Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, Antonelli M, Cabrini L, Castelli A et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1574. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.5394.
Bhatraju P, Ghassemieh B, Nichols M, Kim R, Jerome K, Nalla A, et al. Covid-19 in critically Ill patients in the Seattle Region — case series. New Engl J Med. 2020;382:2012-22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2004500.
Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L, Lokhandwala S, Riedo F, Chong M, et al. Characteristics and Outcomes of 21 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 in Washington State. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1612. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.4326.
Bialek S, Boundy E, Bowen V, Chow N, Cohn A, Dowling N, et al. Severe outcomes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) — United States, February 12–March 16, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Weekly Rep. 2020;69(12):343-6. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6912e2.
Chow N, Fleming-Dutra K, Gierke R, Hall A, Hughes M, Pilishvili T, et al. Preliminary estimates of the prevalence of selected underlying health conditions among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 — United States, February 12–March 28, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Weekly Rep. 2020;69(13):382-6. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6913e2.
Wang W, Tang J, Wei F. Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):441-7. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202004_21046.
Sommer P, Lukovic E, Fagley E, Long D, Sobol J, Heller K, et al. Initial clinical impressions of the critical care of COVID-19 patients in Seattle, New York City, and Chicago. Anesth Analg. 2020;131(1):55-60. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004830.
Porcheddu R, et al. Similarity in case fatality rates (CFR) of COVID-19/SARS-COV-2 in Italy and China. J Infect Dev Countries. 2020;14(02):125-8. doi: 10.3855/jidc.12600.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2021 Amanda Ribeiro Rangel, Luísa Macambira Noronha, Gabriel Cavalcante Lima Chagas, Gdayllon Cavalcante Meneses, Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Júnior, Roberto da Justa Pires Neto, Elizabeth De Francesco Daher
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
