Informality and employment vulnerability: application in sellers with subsistence work

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the origin, evolution, and application of the concept of employment vulnerability in workers who subsist on street sales. METHODS We have carried out an analysis of the literature in database in Spanish, Portuguese, and English, without restriction by country. This is a review of the gray literature of government reports, articles, and documents from Latin America and the Caribbean. We have analyzed information on the informal economy, social-employment vulnerability, and subsistence workers. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The concept of informal economy is dispersed and suggested as synonymous with employment vulnerability. As a polysemic term, it generates confusion and difficulty in identifying defined profiles of employment vulnerability in informal subsistence workers, who sell their products on the streets and sidewalks of cities. The lack of a clear concept and profile of employment vulnerability for this type of workers generates a restriction on defined actions to reduce employment vulnerability. The profiles could facilitate access to the acquisition of assets that support their structure of opportunities, facilitating and mediating in the passage from vulnerability to social mobility with opportunities. We propose as a concept of employment vulnerability for subsistence workers in the informal sector, the condition of those who must work by day to eat at night, who have little or no ownership of assets, and who have a minimum structure of opportunities to prevent, face, and resist the critical situations that occur daily, putting at risk their subsistence and that of the persons who are their responsibility, thus making the connection between social and employment vulnerability.


INTRODUCTION
Informal economy and informal employment characterizes the predominant economic model 52 . According to the 2013 Labour Overview of the International Labour Organization (ILO) 42 , in Latin America the employed population in this sector of the economy is approximately 50%, which also mentions that in recent years the focus is on women and young persons.
Within the population of workers employed in the informal sector we can mention those who have informal jobs, which in turn have been classified and reclassified by the ILO since 1993 34,35,41,43,44 , without obtaining until the moment a consensus that allows clear comparisons between countries and the specific definition of how the groups of workers who exercise their profession making streets and sidewalks their place of work should be considered. They are referred to indiscriminately in information from official research studies and reports as workers of the informal sector, workers with informal jobs, with precarious jobs, with subsistence jobs, poor workers, and, more recently, as vulnerable working population, without yet having the necessary visibility for an adequate support. The considerations above make it difficult to define the concept of employment vulnerability as a major component of social vulnerability, as it relates to the assets and opportunities that could enable workers to anticipate, face, and resist situations that could affect them personally and their family.
The above situation reflects the need to define a concept of employment vulnerability that facilitates the methodological advance to identify conditions and characteristics of employment vulnerability in workers with subsistence jobs, especially sellers of products in the streets and sidewalks of cities. Generally using a concept that involves such a wide range of particularities makes it difficult to make decisions for the prioritization of actions at different decision levels.
All the above conditions and characteristics are part of a decent work, as postulated by the ILO 34,37,40 , and they make it more unattainable because if the concept is not specified, its measurement and application in the field will hardly materialize, leaving in a complex scenario the actions that may be well-intentioned, but which are scarcely directed to address employment vulnerability.
It should be understood that this term was driven by the exhaustion of the concept of poverty and by the search for new ways of analyzing and dimensioning a problem with impacts on public health, which implies both the description of the working poor and the identification of their ability or inability to foresee, face, and withstand potentially harmful or dangerous situations.
For the reasons explained above, this review aims to describe the origin, evolution, and application of the concept of employment vulnerability in informal workers with subsistence jobs from street sales.

METHODS
We carried out a bibliometric study of critical narrative review in four databases, with review of articles, gray literature, government reports, and international agencies for Latin America and the Caribbean. The search procedure focused on the exploration of studies, articles, academic documents, and reports from governmental and non-governmental agencies (such as the World Health Organization/Pan American Health Organization (WHO/PAHO), ILO, United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Center (CELADE), Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), among others), directly on their official pages, which referred to the context of informal economy, its references, uses, and applications in general, connection of the informal economy with employment vulnerability, and its characteristics and relations. Information on social vulnerability was sought as a broad context that includes employment vulnerability, focus, and practical applications in the ministerial pages and in the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE Colombia). Information that was not searched in the database was retrieved as gray literature using Google Scholar.
We consulted the scientific databases PubMed, SciELO (Brazil, Mexico, Spain, Argentina, Chile, and Colombia), Bireme, and LILACS for topics related to informal employment, subsistence jobs, and their relation with social and employment vulnerability, besides including general labor and social information for the informal sector.
The keywords selected by prior knowledge of the topics and for convenience for the topic of interest were: «vulnerabilidade laboral», «vulnerabilidade social», «trabalho informal», «empregos de subsistência», «vulnerabilidade socioeconômica», and «ambulantes de rua». Initially, the terms were searched and, once all records were captured, the Boolean terms AND and OR were used to refine the search for all indexes with «economia informal», «empregos precários», «laboral», «street workers», and «social». The Table presents the search criteria and the Figure presents the criteria for withdrawing the documents. Articles were searched in Spanish, Portuguese, and English, without restriction by year. The search for government reports and international agencies was made for Latin America and the Caribbean.
With the bibliographic review classified within the gray literature, 169 documents, official reports, articles, among others were identified and 51 of them met the selection criteria (Table).
In the scientific databases, 2,043 articles were retrieved and after refining the specific thematic approach with the removal of duplicate articles, and taking into account the criteria described previously, 37 articles were selected. In all of them, a review of all abstracts and introduction was carried out to verify if they contained elements that would guide the topic of employment vulnerability related to subsistence work.
Finally, the review and specific analysis of subsistence work, as the last category of interest, was performed with 28 of the 37 selected articles (Figure). One of the researchers carried out a review of abstracts and other researchers carried out a second review to verify the classification of articles according to their relevance in the approach to the topic. We also verified the pertinence of the gray literature documents that were circumscribed to the countries of Latin America, and the actuality of the documents and articles, considering the changes in the different ways of valuing informality and employment vulnerability. We also took into account that the scientific articles included the previously defined search terms. The central topic was subdivided into three subtopics: (i) informal economy, context, and characteristics, (ii) socio-employment vulnerability, and (iii) subsistence workers.

RESULTS
The type of work and the economic model are elements that condition the poorest populations, and subsistence jobs contribute to the configuration of poverty 8 .
The population growth and the economic model facilitated the individualization of responsibilities 10,24 which were previously of the companies or Government, a change that led to a growth of 3.9% per year of the informal economy between 1990 and 1998, while the formal sector growth was 2.1% in the region 33   Articles extracted from databases = 2,043 Documents removed because of duplicate information or with no value for the review = 118 Articles removed for their lack of information of direct interest to the topic, after the reading of title and abstract = 2,010 Article from which the full text was obtained = 139 Full text articles removed = 104 Articles included in the analysis = 37 Articles and documents included in the analysis = 79 Total documents extracted from the gray literature and databases = 2,212 Specific review and analysis = 28 improved by taking into account that the social conditions in which persons live and work contribute to their disease and health conditions 47 .
The ILO in 2013 42 mentioned that three in every 10 Latin American and Caribbean workers do not have access to any type of social protection coverage, and young adults represent approximately 50% of the unemployed persons in urban areas. Women continue to be affected by unemployment and the rate of informality (47.7%) persists for non-agricultural workers, a situation which is recorded in the ILO 2011 report on world employment trends 39 . The ILO 36,38 and the Ministry of Health of Colombia 13,a mention that vulnerable working populations are considered as those that have a subsistence work and with precarious employment because of their low education level, lack of economic resources, and fragile ties with social security systems 42 . These populations are also at social, occupational, and community risk, hindering the implementation of some of the actions indicated by the Regional Decent Work Plan 26,48,a,b , especially when the meaning of informal worker is difficult to define and direct 56 .
An indicator of poor workers is that of "vulnerable employment" 34 , which consists of self-employed and unpaid family workers. They, because of their vulnerability, often have informal work agreements. Employment vulnerability is also often characterized by low wages and poor working conditions, which may undermine the fundamental rights of workers 26 . According to ILO in 2002, the employment rights acquired for workers in the informal sector of the economy are infringed.
In Colombia, the 2012-2021 Decennial Public Health Plan (PDSP) a includes the vulnerable working population, but it has poorly defined guidelines for "street vendors" with informal employment, who constitute an alternative for those who cannot work in the formal sector and have low education level c .
To measure vulnerability, the National Planning Department (DNP) in Colombia d has an indirect indicator and mechanisms of focus for social spending, in the population that includes workers with needs of employment subsidy. Social health care is designed for a category of persons in poverty and vulnerability, which can be reduced or mitigated with risk management strategies d .
On the other hand, vulnerability can be seen as a process of conditions that are accumulated and vary in time and space and as a function of the subsistence mechanisms of individuals and households and the investments they can make in the medium and long term in the reproduction of their social system 15 . For the World Bank e , those who receive low earnings because they are employed in the informal sector of the economy are also prone to suffer from preventable diseases and face a high risk of social exclusion.
The concept of informal economy, from the institutionalist perspective 23,f,g favors the individualization of responsibilities, and the worker is responsible for his or her protection against the risk factors of accidents or diseases h . The Ministry of Social Security has a role to monitor and configure the current situation in occupational health for the informal sector of the economy 30 , in which conditions of precariousness and employment vulnerability can be observed, which could be modified if profiles of vulnerability were identified in the workers.
The employment statistics of the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) operatively define urban informal employment, including self-employed workers, other than independent professionals and technicians f,d (Box 1).
The concept of vulnerability was used for the analysis of environmental risks and hazards 9,15,i , as well as for demographic e,j and economic conditions k . In addition, it was resumed and adjusted to be incorporated into the social analyses, deriving the concept of social vulnerability as the inability to foresee, face, and resist a harmful situation l,m , which is a concept for the analysis of poverty in a more integral way. Some authors n,o mention that this concept will identify the shortcomings and propose to focus attention on the assets that can The assets for the analysis of social vulnerability are physical ( financial and physical, as in the case of housing), human (work, health, and education), and social (social networks) capitals. These, on the other hand, are generated especially by the Government, market, and community m -which is one of its forms of materialization -, and they can potentiate the assets or exacerbate situations of poverty, shortages, and danger.
The study of social vulnerability for different countries of the American continent mentions that work is of great importance in achieving social balance. This may have been one of the reasons why the ILO, at the end of the 1990s, requested the analysis of the social vulnerability of Uruguay, including employment n , perhaps in search of other tools and arguments to address the growing and irresistible labor informality in the continent. This process gives way to the emergence of a model to measure social vulnerability, which, in addition to valuing deficiencies, aims to identify the assets of the poor, as well as their structure of opportunities to foresee, face, and resist situations of threat or danger; this model is designated as the Model of Assets, Vulnerability, and Structure of Opportunities (AVEO) 25 .
Employment vulnerability is included in social vulnerability, thus making the connection with informal economy; this is reflected in the report and analysis of the ILO 40 Social vulnerability seeks to identify conditions that go beyond material poverty to contribute with elements for prioritization and delivery of subsidies 31,m,n , showing, at least in the concept, an advance in relation to the poverty approach that was inefficient to reverse the condition of poverty in persons, families, and communities.
In the studies and documents analyzed, a scattered and confused use of the concept of employment vulnerability was observed, depending on the country, the agency reporting the official reports, and the type of workers referred to in them.
The concept goes from a marginal use, applied to workers in the formal sector, called precarious jobs 2,4,11,61 to the application to workers with different skills within the informal sector of the economy, as mentioned in the reports of ILO and studies from different countries, finding that the common factor is workers without affiliation to general social security systems, with low education levels, and scarce economic gains q .
For Pizarro k , what makes the conditions of employment vulnerability more evident are: the accentuation of productive heterogeneity that affects the occupation, the segmentation of the work and greater precariousness, employment deregulation (or flexibilization) without unemployment insurance, the reduction of the quantitative weight of unions, and the sustained growth of labor informality, especially for city workers.
The United Nations Development Programme of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UNDP-ECLAC) 54 considers that vulnerability and poverty are converging phenomena, describing, among other things, that "the current social scenario simultaneously records an increasing uncertainty regarding work as the main way of building the future of persons and their families" 54 . Johnson, in the ILO report q in 2010, when mentioning the report "world employment trends", says that by increasing vulnerable employment in the world by more than 100 million, poverty is also increased, and he notes that self-employed workers and family workers are considered as vulnerable, because difficulties with social security, corporate representation, and lack of decent work are more likely in them q .  ILO, 1993 We have workers who cannot be classified according to the employment situation. Subsistence workers appear within the statistical treatment of particular groups, literal S, thus: s) Subsistence workers: workers with independent employment, for whom the product of their work is an important source of their subsistence.
(see paragraph 7) Informal employment Subsistence workers Subsistence workers are defined, but it is not defined in detail whether street vendors of products and services are included in this group.
Broad definition and little defined. ILO, 1993 Decent work: Defined by ILO as one that, in addition to being productive, can be chosen freely and have fair compensation according to the work done, allows the worker and the persons who depend on him or her to live in a dignified way, not simply survive. It is the work that is carried out under the premise of respect and fulfillment of the rights and dignity to the workers, free of exploitation, which allows the worker to provide his or her services to the population, a situation in which will be seen simply as a factor of production. It defines what will be considered a decent job, but the sector of the economy is not defined where these unfavorable conditions could be present, nor the type of jobs and workers to which the categories can be applied.
Broad definition and little defined.

ILO, 2003
The conceptual framework elaborated by ILO is explained, noting the conceptual relationship between informal sector and informal employment, in addition to the concepts of underground and illegal production (as defined in the 1993 SNA). It is mentioned the preference to manage independently the concept of informal sector and informal economy for statistical purposes; although the concept of unprotected employment is proposed to replace informal employment, the latter will continue to be considered.
Informal, job-based employment. Informal sector based in the company. Informal work. Employment in the informal sector. Informal employment.
The conference advises to keep the concepts of employment in the informal sector and informal employment separated.
Broad, little defined in relation to the occupations of street vendors.

ILO, 2008
In this classification of occupations no allusion is made to the definitions of occupations of the formal or informal sector of the economy; the names and their codes by occupation are simply listed. Within the nine large groups, informal street workers could be included implicitly or explicitly in 5 and 9, as described in the column of categories or topics to be measured.

Service workers and sellers
of trades and markets, which include: sellers (52), street and market vendors (521), merchants and store and warehouse sellers (522), hawkers and sellers of edible products (523), and other vendors (524). 9. Elementary occupations: hawkers of services and related workers, and street vendors of services and related workers in this subgroup, and hawkers (excluding food vendors) 49 .
It defines the occupations and includes in them those that comprise the informal street workers and the subsistence workers are part of the agricultural workers.
Classification defined by occupation and indefinite by the sector of the economy.

2015, Spain
The conceptual discussion on informal employment is based on documentation from the ILO. Since the beginning of the administration of the term «informal sector» in the early 1970s, it has gone through several stages, going from being considered a phenomenon reduced to companies operating in the informal sector to the understanding that informality transcends the informal sector and which could also be found in other economic activities. The term «informal economy» has responded to the goal of directing a better understanding of the phenomenon. Continue for work-related accidents in the formal sector of the economy 62 and globalization and its impact on the vulnerability of workers by the flexibilization of job relations 6 . They also refer to the relation of work and health in the migrant population 1 , considered as a population with precarious employment.
In Mexico, a study mentions the needs of female street vendors to take care of their children 21 , and another study analyzes the impact of the crisis on employment vulnerability, informality, and precarious employment in young persons 56 .
Argentina studies social vulnerability and job creation for populations defined as vulnerable because of their low employability, as well as the labor migration characteristics in Santiago del Estero, considering the workers denominated as "swallow", and in what way this work meets the characteristics of decent work 59 . Reviews were also observed that refer to the general population with characteristics of social vulnerability in Latin America, social mobility in neighboring areas 20 , the dimensions of precarious employment 13 , the informal sector, and unregistered labor r , subsistence and alienating jobs, in the analysis of precarious employment in waste pickers 5 , situations of health risk in Bolivian migrants with tuberculosis who work and live in clandestine textile workshops in Buenos Aires 18 , among others.
Chile has a study with 258 street vendors from the informal economy in subsistence activities for the Maula region 32 . Brazil has a study that shows the decrease of street sellers in the country between 2004 and 2009 53 . There is also a study in Brazil which has approached motorcycle taxi drivers 60 and their perception of health and unprotected employment in the short term, without defining the concept of employment vulnerability, using precariousness in informality as reference for this analysis 17 .
Other studies in Brazil 11 present the perception of quality of life for cane cutters, motorcycle taxi drivers 60 , and mothers whose children work in the streets of São Paulo 12 , designating them as work with characteristics of precarious employment, whether they are contract workers or informal workers. Another study has also addressed the prevalence of mental disorders in bus drivers and ticket collectors 4 , describing that their employment also presents characteristics of precarious employment; however, it does not refer to subsistence or vulnerable jobs. Informal pickers are referred to as subsistence workers and it is described that an analysis of the notion of alienation will be made in the analysis of employment precariousness that affects the pickers. Pickers in the waste dump of Comodoro Rivadavia of Patagonia in Argentina.
Confusing -it refers to subsistence workers and precarious employment.

Mexico Review
Documents that show the topic in question Meanings of the concepts of socioeconomic vulnerability, environmental justice, and spatial justice, in their relations with social risks and disasters. It does not refer to specific populations.
The concept of socioeconomic vulnerability is administered as a key to understanding the causes of disasters.

Young persons and adolescents
It studies how the crisis has particularly aggravated the employment vulnerability of adolescent workers, from the more frequent processes of informalization, precarization, and lack of labor protection.
Confusingvulnerability, precarious employment with subsistence work, unprotected work, etc. It presents the concept of precarious employment; it does not mention employment vulnerability. However, an analysis of unprotected employment in the informal and health sector for workers with temporary contracts in Brazil between 1998 and 2003 for one of the eight metropolitan regions of Brazil is presented. It is described lack of social security, unemployment, and unprotected employment (heterogeneous groups).

Massi MF Argentina Quantitative
Mixedmicrodata from research Dimensions of precarious employment in Argentina: a broad set of working conditions is mentioned here; it is described that it is created linked to the instability in hiring and exclusion from the labor market. It explains that there are no 'precarious' and 'not precarious' jobs; there are smaller or greater degrees of precariousness in the different segments of the production structure, since in general, all have characteristics of precariousness. It designates workers as informal environmental pickers; however, informal picker, vulnerable worker, or subsistence worker is not clearly defined. However, it describes that their informal conditions expose them to working conditions that affect their health and that of their families. Their health and work conditions are precarious. The biological, ergonomic, and social risks to which they are exposed and lack of social security constitute their precariousness. Non-unionized workers are a large majority in relation to unionized workers, more women than men, mostly single, and with low education level.
Non-specific -it refers to the concept of precarious employment but not defined, which mentions precarious employment for environmental pickers, both unionized and non-unionized. It insinuates more than its precariousness, the employment vulnerability of non-unionized workers. Workers in conditions of precarious employment in rural areas such as migrants from poor regions of Brazil, being on average 25 years old, with five years or less of education. The work they perform requires from them great physical effort, and the payment occurs by the quantity cut; they are exposed to polluted air and the sun, make too much physical effort, and do not consume water, situations that affect their physical and mental health. In general, with good perception of their state of physical and mental health.
Non-specific -it mentions precarious working conditions but does not define the concept for these cane cutters, nor the type of contract they have with the company where they work. Colombia has specific analyses for informal workers with subsistence jobs who sell their products on the streets and sidewalks of cities; they are generally defined as vulnerable working population, as suggested by the regional decent work plan 48 . The studies were carried out between 2004 and 2013, including agricultural workers, workers in market squares, and street vendors, and they characterize the sociodemographic and economic conditions, level of affiliation to the health system, perception of some health conditions of these workers, among others, with studies carried out in Popayán 51 , Boyacá 50 , Cartagena 19 , Medelin 16 , Bogotá 58 , etc.
On the other hand, there is a national diagnosis of health and work conditions, in which close to 20,000 workers of the informal economy participated in 20 states 30 .
There are also studies such as the 100 environmental pickers in rural Medelin 26 , designated as having precarious and vulnerable jobs; however, the concept of employment vulnerability for these populations was not defined.
The description of labor informality in Colombia is based on information from the Large Integrated Home Survey -National Administrative Department of Statistics (GEIH-DANE 2010) s , being more difficult to specify a concept of employment vulnerability applied to a specific group and which can facilitate the targeting of actions at the national and regional level.

DISCUSSION
The concept, use, and application of the term informal economy is as broad and diverse as the population to which it applies, and although it shares general characteristics, they cannot be unified in the particular, since they include workers that are considered as formal being in the informal economy, and workers who are in the formal economy being considered as informal 55 , in addition to many other derivations given by the job classifications of ILO 35,44 .
On the other hand, heterogeneity is present in the use of the term precarious employment, because for some countries such as Brazil the few field studies with informal workers or with precarious jobs is more related to the formal sector and workers with work contracts 4,11,55,60 than to workers with subsistence jobs on the streets and sidewalks of cities.
The conceptual dispersion and the implications of the scarce differentiation between subsistence jobs, precarious employment, work in informal jobs, or the informal sector are still unclear.
The systematic reviews 55 mention that informal employment in the countries of Latin America cannot be compared, since heterogeneous and poorly defined concepts are assumed which leave a nebulous area in which workers with subsistence jobs can be made invisible by the ILO classifications t .
We have also observed that each country, via targeting 30,g,h , seeks to advance actions to improve the living and working conditions of those who have this type of jobs. This could be the case with street vendors.
According to the ILO classification (2008) 43 , agricultural workers were considered to be subsistence workers, but street vendors were not considered in the same way, which were classified as self-employed workers 43 , without indicating that this condition causes them to work by day to eat at night in a subsistence job.
Although the concept of social and employment vulnerability has been incorporated for some time in Colombia, subsidies aimed at overcoming poverty continue to be in force.
This concept of the different mechanisms of focus cannot be erased, disappearing the essence of the concept "social vulnerability" proposed by Moser 31  Within these capitals, work is included as a starting point in overcoming deficiencies, and it was observed that, accompanied by a structure of opportunities, they allow the worker, the family, and the community to predict situations of potential loss, facing and resisting them.
In this sense, the perspectives could point to the overcoming of vulnerability, and the Government, market, and community ensure that they are available 61,p .
Work can either boost assets or exacerbate situations of poverty, shortage, and danger, which is why it is not an issue of simply identifying the assets that workers may have.
In order for working populations to overcome adversities, they need a structure of opportunities that maximize both their acquisition and their effective materialization with decent, free, and protected work.
The informal worker designated as vulnerable with subsistence work could present low education level, difficulty accessing health systems, and weak ties with the labor market 34 ; however, specific information is still scarce for different groups of vulnerable workers.
It is difficult to retrieve information that shows the defined profiles of employment vulnerability for those who make the streets and sidewalks of the cities their place of work with subsistence jobs, hindering both the application of the concept and its implementation in the field, and leaving particular situations in an area of uncertainty that must be addressed in a special way. With the above, social and work disadvantage conditions were evidenced in Latin America, particularly in Colombia 3,9,16-18,24,32,50,51,58,r , where despite the evidence, these conditions are not taken into account for the reconfiguration of their social and labor peculiarities. This condition can lead to a greater deterioration of the physical and mental health of workers, accompanied by economic, social, and family consequences, making it more difficult to overcome employment vulnerability in terms of weakness to mobilize assets, use them, and the scarce or lack of opportunities to overcome poverty.
After reviewing and analyzing the concepts of informality, social-employment vulnerability and precarious employment, it can be said that there is little scientific evidence to define a concept that fits workers with subsistence jobs, understanding that within them we have those who make the streets and sidewalks of cities their place of work. A concept is needed to define the profile of precarious employment to move towards overcoming this condition, giving way to the fulfillment of the assumptions of the regional decent work program of ILO 34,37,40 .
Thus, it is evident the need for greater conceptual clarity that facilitates the methodological application for the analysis with this type of population.
As a result of this review, we propose that informal street workers are those who, having a subsistence job, work during the say to eat at night, and whose vulnerability exists because of their scarce or nonexistent possession of assets and a minimum structure of opportunities to prevent, face, and resist the critical situations that appear daily, endangering their subsistence and that of the persons they are responsible for, thus making the connection between social and employment vulnerability.