Violence in Quilombola women living in rural communities in Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2022056004651Keywords:
Battered Women, Quilombola Communities, Violence Against Women, Domestic Violence, Intimate Partner ViolenceAbstract
OBJETIVE: To estimate the prevalence of psychological, physical, and sexual violence perpetrated against women by their intimate partner (IP) in Quilombola communities located in Espírito Santo State, Brazil. METHODS: The data is from a population-based cross-sectional study of Quilombola women conducted from 2017 to 2018. In-person interviews collected information on women’s sociodemographic characteristics, behaviors, and their experience of violence perpetrated by their IP. The analysis used chi-square test and hierarchical logistic regression. RESULTS: 219 women (94.8% of the invited ones) agreed to participate in the study. 59.0% (95%CI: 5.25–65.5) reported psychological violence; 41% (95%CI: 34.5–47.5) physical violence; and 8.2% (95%CI: 4.6–11.8) sexual violence. Psychological violence was associated with having three or more sexual partners in life, when compared to those who had up to two partners (p = 0,009), and previous violence involving other people outside of family increased the chance of suffering psychological violence by an IP more than nine times (p ≤ 0.001). Regarding physical violence, the association with use of barrier contraception (p = 0.031) and having a partner with other sexual partners (p = 0.024) were protective factors for IP violence. Having 3 or more sexual partners in the last 12 months (p = 0.006), partner using illicit drugs (p = 0,006), and alcoholism in the family (p = 0,001), increased the chance of suffer physical violence by the partner. Sexual violence perpetrated by the IP was associated with miscarriage (p = 0.016), partner using drugs (p = 0.020), and gynecological symptoms (p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: These results showed the high frequency of intimate partner violence in Quilombola women and highlight the importance of reducing social and race inequities for interrupting the culture of violence against women.
References
Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. Prevenção da violência sexual e da violência pelo parceiro íntimo contra a mulher: ação e produção de evidência. Brasília, DF: OPAS; 2012.
World Health Organization. Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Geneva (CH): WHO; 2013.
Garcia LP, Silva GDM. Violência por parceiro íntimo: perfil dos atendimentos em serviços de urgência e emergência nas capitais dos estados brasileiros, 2014. Cad Saude Publica. 2018;34(4):e00062317. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00062317
Rafael RMR, Moura ATMS, Tavares JMC, Ferreira REM, Camilo GGS, Neto M. Perfil das violências por parceiro íntimo em unidades de saúde da família. Rev Bras Enferm. 2017;70(6):1329-37. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0007
Sabri B, Holliday CN, Alexander KA, Huerta J, Cimino A, Callwood GB, et al. Cumulative violence exposures: black women’s responses and sources of strength. Soc Work Public Health. 2016;31(3):127-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2015.1087917
Nadda A, Malik JS, Rohilla R, Chahal S, Chayal V, Arora V. Study of domestic violence among currently married females of Haryana, India. Indian J Psychol Med. 2018;40(6):534-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/Ijpsym.Ijpsym_62_18
Jewkes R, Fulu E, Tabassam Naved R, Chirwa E, Dunkle K, Haardörfer R, et al. Women's and men's reports of past-year prevalence of intimate partner violence and rape and women's risk factors for intimate partner violence: a multicountry cross-sectional study in Asia and the Pacific. PLoS Med. 2017;14(9):e1002381. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002381
Barros EM, Silva MA, Falbo Neto GH, Lucena SG, Ponzo L, Pimentel AP. Prevalência e fatores associados à violência por parceiro íntimo em mulheres de uma comunidade em Recife/Pernambuco, Brasil. Cien Saude Colet. 2016;21(2):591-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015212.10672015
Leite FMC, Amorim MHC, Wehrmeister FC, Gigante DP. Violência contra a mulher em Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51:33. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1518-8787.2017051006815
Silva SR. Quilombos no Brasil: a memória como forma de reinvenção da identidade e territorialidade negra. In: 12. Colóquio Internacional de Geocrítica; 7-11 Mayo 2012; Bogotá, Colombia. p.1-14.
Ministério da Mulher, da Família e dos Direitos Humanos (BR), Secretaria Nacional de Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial, Subsecretaria de Políticas para Comunidades Tradicionais. Programa Brasil Quilombola. Brasília, DF; 2013.
Grossi PK. Mulheres quilombolas e o acesso às políticas públicas: desafios na sociedade contemporânea. In: Anais do 11. Seminário Internacional Fazendo Gênero; 13. Congresso Mundial Mundo de Mulheres; 2017; Florianópolis, SC, Brasil. p.1-11.
Schraiber LB, Latorre MRDO, França Jr I, Segri NJ, D’Oliveira AFPL. Validade do instrumento WHO VAW STUDY para estimar violência de gênero contra a mulher. Rev Saude Publica. 2010;44(4):658-66. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400009
Brasil. Lei Nº 11.340, de 7 de agosto de 2006. Lei Maria da Penha. Cria mecanismos para coibir a violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher, nos termos do § 8º do art. 226 da Constituição Federal, da Convenção sobre a Eliminação de Todas as Formas de Discriminação contra as Mulheres e da Convenção Interamericana para Prevenir, Punir e Erradicar a Violência contra a Mulher; dispõe sobre a criação dos Juizados de Violência Doméstica e Familiar contra a Mulher; altera o Código de Processo Penal, o Código Penal e a Lei de Execução Penal; e dá outras providências. Brasília, DF; 2006.
Signorelli MC, Hillel S, Oliveira DC, Quintanilla BPA, Hegarty K, Taft A. Voices from low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review protocol of primary healthcare interventions within public health systems addressing intimate partner violence against women. BMJ Open. 2018;8(3):e019266. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019266
Sardinha NCHEL. Attitudes towards domestic violence in 49 low-and middle-income countries: a gendered analysis of prevalence and country-level correlates. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):0206101. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206101
Alvarez CP, Davidson PM, Fleming C, Glass NE. Elements of effective interventions for addressing intimate partner violence in Latina women: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0160518. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160518
Alvarez C, Fedock G. Addressing intimate partner violence with Latina women: a call for research. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2018;19(4):488-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016669508
Silva LL, Coelho EBS, Caponi SNC. Violência silenciosa: violência psicológica como condição da violência física doméstica. Interface (Botucatu). 2007;11(21):93-103. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-32832007000100009
Sabri B, Renner LM, Stochman JK, Mittal M, Decker MR. Risk factors for severe intimate partner violence and violence-related injuries among women in India. Women Health. 2014;54(4):281-300. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2014.896445
Garcia LP, Freitas LRS, Höfelmann DA. Avaliação do impacto da lei Maria da Penha sobre a mortalidade de mulheres por agressões no Brasil, 2001-2011. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2013;22(3):383-94. https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742013000300003
Barufaldi LA, Souto RMCV, Correia RSB, Montenegro MMS, Pinto IV, Silva MMA, et al. Gender violence: a comparison of mortality from aggression against women who have and have not previously reported violence. Cien Saude Colet. 2017;22(9):2929-38. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232017229.12712017
Jewkes R, Levin J, Penn-Kekana L. Risk factors for domestic violence: findings from a South African cross-sectional study. Soc Sci Med. 2002;55(9):1603-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00294-5
Montgomery BEE, Rompalo A, Hughes J, Wang J, Haley D, Soto-Torres L, et al. Violence against women in selected areas of the United States. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(10):2156-66. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302430
Solanke BL. Does exposure to interparental violence increase women’s risk of intimate partner violence? Evidence from Nigeria demographic and health survey. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2018;18(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12914-018-0143-9
Riscado JLS, Oliveira MAB, Brito AMBB. Vivenciando o racismo e a violência: um estudo sobre as vulnerabilidades da mulher negra e a busca de prevenção do HIV/Aids em comunidades remanescentes de quilombos, em Alagoas. Saude Soc. 2010;19 Supl 2:96-108. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902010000600010
Chuemchit M, Chernkwanma S, Rugkua R, Daengthern L, Abdullakasim P, Wieringa S. Prevalence of intimate partner violence in Thailand. J Fam Violence. 2018;33(5):315-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10896-018-9960-9
Zancan N, Wassermann V, Lima GQ. A violência doméstica a partir do discurso de mulheres agredidas. Pensando Fam. 2013;17(1):63-76.
Frye V, Ompad D, Chan C, Koblin B, Galea S, Vlahov D. Intimate partner violence perpetration and condom use-related factors: associations with heterosexual men's consistent condom use. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(1):153-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-009-9659-2
Decker MR, Holliday CN, Hameeduddin Z, Shah R, Miller J, Dantzler J, et al. “You do not think of me as a human being”: race and gender inequities intersect to discourage police reporting of violence against women. J Urban Health. 2019;96(5):772-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-019-00359-z
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Thaís Verly Luciano, Beniamino Cislaghi, Raquel Barbosa Miranda, Jerusa Araújo Dias, Ximena Pamela Diaz-Bermudez, Angelica Espinosa Miranda
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
