A Nova Ideia de Museu (Flower, 1893): reflexões sobre a forma e a função dos museus de história natural
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-02672023v31e12Palavras-chave:
Nova Ideia de Museu, Museus de história natural, Século XIX, Reforma dos museus, Coleções de história natural, CuradoriaResumo
O termo nova ideia de museu é amplamente empregado na historiografia dos museus de história natural. Entretanto, existe uma falta de consenso quanto às ideias abrangidas pelo conceito e, em alguns casos, houve a desconexão com seu autor e sua origem. Por outro lado, a nova ideia de museu representa uma síntese sobre alguns tópicos da reforma que essas instituições passaram no século XIX elaborada por um de seus personagens centrais. Este artigo buscou elucidar a complexidade do termo em seu contexto de formulação original, no discurso do naturalista William Henry Flower (1831-1899), na reunião da Museums Association, em 1893. Ao fazê-lo, esperamos avançar no conhecimento mais preciso acerca das ideias do período e seus diversos autores. Buscamos igualmente lançar luz sobre como os naturalistas do século XIX superaram os desafios e aproveitaram as oportunidades oferecidas aos museus, legando-nos um novo modelo institucional. Revisitar o século XIX, e seu rico processo de reflexão museológica, contribui também
para nossa reflexão quanto aos novos desafios dos museus de história natural no século XXI, mostrando que alguns aspectos que pareciam garantidos na época; como a pesquisa e a salvaguarda do acervo, hoje; merecem nossa atenção especial. O modelo de instituição que nos foi legado sofreu profundas adaptações, estando a serviço de um número cada vez maior de cidadãos na produção de conhecimento relevante, na educação e na comunicação.
Downloads
Referências
LIVROS, ARTIGOS E TESES
APPEL, Toby. The Cuvier-Geoffroy Debate: French Biology in the Decades before Darwin. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
ADELMAN, Juliana. Evolution on Display: Promoting Irish Natural History and Darwinism at the Dublin Science and Art Museum. British Journal for the History of Science, London, v.38, n.4, p.411-436, 2005. DOI: 10.1017/S0007087405007351.
ALBERTI, Samuel. Objects and the Museum. Isis, Chicago, v.96, n.4, p.559-571, 2005. DOI: 10.1086/498593.
ALEXANDER, Edward. New faith in the American Heritage. Maryland Historical Magazine Spring, Baltimore, v. 54, n. 1, p. 1-14, 1959.
ALEXANDER, Edward. George Brown Goode and the Smithsonian Museums: A National Museum of Culture History. In: ALEXANDER, Edward. Museum Masters: Their Museums and Their Influence. Tennessee: American Association for State and Local History, 1983.p.277-309.
BAKKER, Freek et. al. The Global Museum: Natural History Collections and the Future of Evolutionary Science and Public Education. PeerJ, California, v. 8, n. 1, p. 1-40, 2020. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8225.
BECKMAN, Jenny. Nature’s Palace: Constructing the Swedish Museum of Natural History. History of Science, Thousand Oaks, v. 42, n. 1, p. 85-111, 2004. DOI: 10.1177/007327530404200103.
BENNETT, Tony. Pasts Beyond Memory: Evolution, Museums, Colonialism. London: Routledge. 2004.
BOWLER, Peter. Evolution: The History of an Idea. California: University of California Press, 2009.
CARPENTER, George. On Collections to Illustrate the Evolution and Geographical Distribution of Animals, 1894. In: MUSEUMS ASSOCIATION. Report of Proceedings With the Papers Read at the Fifth Annual General Meeting. New York: Palala, 1895.
CORNISH, Caroline. Botany Behind Glass: The Vegetable Kingdom on Display at Kew’s Museum of Economic Botany. In: BERKOWITZ, Carin, LIGHTMAN, Bernard (ed.). Science Museum in Transition: Cultures of Display in Ninettenth-Century Britain and America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2017. p.188-214. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctt1r6b0c8.13.
DARWIN, Charles. On the Origin of Species: by Means of Natural Selection, or Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London: John Murray, 1859.
DESMOND, Adrian. The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
DESMOND, Adrian; MOORE, James. Darwin: The Life of a Tormented Evolutionist. London: Michael Joseph, 1994.
DESMOND, Adrian. Huxley: From Devil’s Disciple to Evolution’s High Priest. London: Perseus Book, 1994.
FINDLEN, Paula. Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1994.
FLOWER, William Henry. Museums Associations. Nature, London, v. 48, p. 234-236, 1893a. DOI: 10.1038/048234a0.
FLOWER, William Henry. Museums Associations. Nature, London, v.48, p.254-257, 1893b. DOI: 10.1038/048254b0.
FLOWER, William Henry. Essays on Museums and Other Subjects Connected with Natural History. London: Macmillan, 1898.
FORGAN, Sophie. The Architecture of Display: Museums, Universities and Objects in Nineteenth-Century Britain. History of Science, Thousand Oaks, v.32, n.2, p.139-162, 1994.
GRAY, John Edward. Botany and Zoology, Including Physiology. London: John Murray, 1864.
GUNTHER, Albert. A century of zoology at the British Museum: Through the Lives of Two Keepers, 1815-1914. London: Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1975.
HECKER, Susanne et.al. Innovation in Open Science, Society and Policy: Setting the Agenda for Citizen Science. In: HECKER, Susanne et.al. (ed.). Citizen Science: Innovation in Open Science, Society and Policy. London: UCL Press, 2018. p.1-24.
HEIN, George. Learning in the Museum (Museum Meanings). London: Routledge, 1998.
HILL, Kate. Culture and Class in English Public Museums, 1850-1914. London: Routledge, 2005.
HOOKER, Joseph Dalton. The British Museum Natural History Collections. In: The Gardeners Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette. London: Forgotten Books, 1858.
HUANG, Hsu. Mapping of Knowledge in the Natural History Museum: Richard Owen’s Naturalistic Ideas and Spatial Layouts of the Natural History Museum in London. Collection and Research, Taichung, v.21, p.51-77, 2008. DOI: 10.6693/CAR.2008.21.6.
HUXLEY, Thomas Henry. Suggestions for a Proposed Natural History Museum in Manchester. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, London, p.58-75, 1868.
KEMP, Christopher. Museums: The Endangered Dead. Nature, London, v. 518, p. 292-294, 2015. DOI: 10.1038/518292a.
KEUREN, David van. Museums and Ideology: Augustus Pitt-Rivers, Anthropological Museums, and Social Change in Later Victorian Britain. Victorian Studies, Bloomington, v.28, n.1, p.171-189, 1984.
LANGDON, Sherman. The New Museum Idea. The World’s Work, New York, v.12, n.3, p.7710-7712, 1906.
LIMOGES, Camille. The development of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle of Paris, c. 1808-1914. In: FOX, Robert; WEISZ, George. The Organization of Science and Technology in France 1808-1914. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980. p. 211-240.
LOPES, Maria Margaret; MURRIELLO, Sandra Elena. Ciências e educação em museus no final do séculoXIX. História, Ciências, Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, v.12, p.13-30. 2005. DOI: 10.1590/S0104-59702005000400002.
MILLER, Edward. That Noble Cabinet. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1974.
NAGGS, Fred. The Tragedy of the Natural History Museum, London. Megataxa, Auckland, v.7, n.1, p.85–112, 2022. DOI: 10.11646/megataxa.7.1.2.
NYHART, Lynn. Modern Nature: The Rise of the Biological Perspective in Germany. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.
NEWMAN, Laura; DRIVER, Felix. Kew Gardens and the Emergence of the School Museum in Britain, 1880–1930. The Historical Journal, Cambridge, v.63, n.5, p.1204-1230, 2019. DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X19000487.
OUTRAM, Dorinda. New Spaces in Natural History. In: JARDINE, Nicholas; SECORD, James; SPARY, Emma (ed.). Cultures of Natural History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. p.249–65.
OWEN, Richard. On the extent and aims of a national museum of natural history. London: Saunders and Otley, 1862.
PITT-RIVERS, Augustus Lane-Fox. Typological Museums, as Exemplified by the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford and his Provincial Museum in Farnham, Dorset. Journal of the Society of Arts, New York, v. 40, p. 115-122, 1891.
RADER, Karen; CAIN, Victoria. Life on Display: Revolutionizing U.S. Museums of Science and Natural History in the Twentieth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014.
RUPKE, Nicolaas Adrianus. The Road to Albertopolis: Richard Owen (1804-92) and the Founding of the British Museum of Natural History. In: RUPKE, Nicolaas Adrianus (ed.). Science, Politics and the Public Good. Essays in Honour of Margaret Gowing. London: Macmillan, 1988. p.63-89.
RUPKE, Nicolaas Adrianus. Richard Owen: Victorian Naturalist. London: Yale University Press, 1994.
SCAGLIONE, Pino. Museo delle Scienze: the Architecture of the Museum Explained by Renzo Piano Building Workshop. Trento: List Lab. 2015.
SCLATER, Philip. On Certain Principles to be Observed in the Establishment of a National Museum of Natural History. Nature, London, v. 2, p. 455-458, 1870. DOI: 10.1038/002455a0.
SELLERS, Charles Coleman. Mr. Peale’s Museum: Charles Willson Peale and the First Popular Museum of Natural Science and Art. New York: Barra Foundation, 1980.
SHEETS-PYENSON, Susan. Cathedrals of Science: The Development of Colonial Natural History Museums During the Late Nineteenth Century. Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1988.
STEARN, William Thomas. The Natural History Museum at South Kensington. London: Heinemann, 1981.
SUAREZ, Andrew; TSUTSUI, Neil. The Value of Museum Collections for Research and Society. BioScience, Oxford, v.54, n.1, p.66-67, 2004. DOI: 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0066:TVOMCF]2.0.CO;2.
TEATHER, Lynne. The Museum Keepers: The Museums Association and the Growth of Museum Professionalism. Museum Management and Curatorship, Abingdon, v. 9, n. 1, p. 25-41, 1990. DOI: 10.1016/0260-4779(90)90023-7.
TRESCH, John. Afterword. Steps to the Encyclopedic Museum. In: LIGHTMAN, Bernard; CARIN, Berkowitz (ed.). Science Museums in Transition: Cultures of Display in Nineteenth-Century Britain and America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2017. p. 261-278.
YANNI, Carla. Divine Display or Secular Science: Defining Nature at the Natural History Museum in London. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, California, v.55, n.3, p.276–299, 1996.
YANNI, Carla. Nature’s Museums. Victorian Science and the Architecture of Display. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2005.
WALLACE, Alfred Russell. Museums for the People. Studies Scientific and Social, Abingdon, v. 2, p. 1-15, 1900.
WATSON, William. Supplemental Education. The Encyclopedia Americana. New York: The Encyclopedia Americana Corporation, 1924.
WINSOR, Mary Pickard. Reading the Shape of Nature: Comparative Zoology at the Agassiz Museum. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991.
WINSOR, Mary Pickard. Museums. In: BOWLER, Peter; PICKSTONE, John (org.). The Cambridge History of Science: The Modern Biological and Earth Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. v.6.
WOODSON-BOULTON, Amy. Museums. In: ADAMS, Eli James. Encyclopedia of the Victorian Era. Mann-Spin. Connecticut: Grolier Academic Reference, 2004. v. 3, p. 80-81.
SITES
MUSEUM FÜR NATURKUNDE. Dinosaurs in Berlin. Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, 2020. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3DFxiNB. Acesso em: 4 nov. 2022.
NAÇÕES UNIDAS BRASIL. Os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável o Brasil. Nações Unidas, Brasília, DF. 2022. Disponível em: https://brasil.un.org/pt-br. Acesso em: 25 ago. 2022.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2023 Maria Isabel Pinto Ferreira Landim, Jessica Gaeta Ruiz
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
Dados de financiamento
-
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
Números do Financiamento 2017/073661
