Beyond the Nile: Long Term Patterns in Nomad-State Interactions across Northeast Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2177-4218.v13i1p37-86Palavras-chave:
Ancient Egypt, Nubia, Nomadism, StatesResumo
The history of Northeast Africa is dominated by a “Nile Narrative”, a common story that places the urban and riverine cultures of Egypt and Nubia at its centre. While the various iterations of Egyptian and Nubian (Kushite) territorial states shaped the macro-history of the region, this enduring narrative often homogenizes and reduces a much more complex world which consisted of a milieu of nomadic peoples. Indigenous to the vast deserts east and west of the river, these nomads are a vital element in the macro-history of the Nile basin, constantly interacting with their urban neighbours, forming diasporas, conducting trade, and preventing exploitation of their homelands. While these patterns endured for millennia, pronounced episodes of conflict, subjugation, and even state formation abound in the record. This analysis takes a macro-historical view to nomads in Nilotic history, proposing a new model for nomadic polities and Nile states in ancient Northeast Africa.
Downloads
Referências
Adams, William Y. (1965). “Post-pharaonic Nubia in the light of archaeology. II”. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 51, p. 160-178.
Auenmüller, Johannes (2019). “Topography and regional geography of Nubia: river, cataract and desert landscapes”. In: D. Raue (Ed.), Handbook of ancient Nubia. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, Vol. 1, p. 39-61. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110420388-003
Bangsgaard, Pernille (2013). “Pan-grave faunal practices - Ritual deposits at five cemeteries in Lower Nubia”. Anthropozoologica 48, p. 287-297.
Barfield, Thomas (2001). “The shadow empires: imperial state formation along the Chinese-Nomad frontier”. In: S. Alcock, T. D’Altroy, K. Morrison & C. Sinopoli (Ed.), Empires: perspectives from archaeology and history. Cambridge University Press, p. 10-41.
Barnard, Hans (2008) Eastern desert ware: traces of the inhabitants of the eastern deserts in Egypt and Sudan during the 4th-6th centuries CE. BAR International Series 1824. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Bates, Oric (1914). The Eastern Libyans: an essay. London: Macmillan.
Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne (1991a). “Noba Puzzles: Miscellaneous Notes on the Ezana Inscriptions”. In: D. Mendel & U. Claudia, Ägypten im Afro-Orientalischen Kontext. Aufsätze zur Archäologie, Geschichte und Sprache eines unbegrenzten Raumes. Gedenkschrift Peter Behrens, Köln, p. 17-25.
Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne (1991b). “The Beja and the Camel: Camel-Related Lexicon in ‘tu bedawie’”. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 12, 41-62. Ben-Yosef, E. 2019. “The Architectural Bias in Current Biblical Archaeology”. Vetus Testamentum 69, p. 361-387. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12341370
Bietak, Manfred (2010). “From where came the Hyksos and where did they go?” In: M. Marée (Ed.), The Second Intermediate Period (Thirteenth-Seventeenth Dynasties): current research, future prospects. Leuven: Peeters, p. 139-181.
Bobrowski, Przemysław, Maciej Jórdeczka, Michał Kobusiewicz, Marek Chłodnicki, & Jarosław Kusiak (2013). “What forced the prehistoric cattle-keepers to emigrate from the Red Sea mountains?” Studia Quaternaria 30(2), p. 135-142. https://doi.org/10.2478/squa-2013-0014.
Bomann, Ann, & Robert Young (1994). “Preliminary survey in the Wadi Abu Had, Eastern Desert, 1992”. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 80, p. 23-44.
Boozer, Anna Lucille (2013). “Frontiers and borderlands in imperial perspectives: exploring Rome's Egyptian frontier”. American Journal of Archaeology 117(2), p. 275-292.
Bradley, Rebecca J. (1992). Nomads in the archaeological record: case studies in the northern provinces of the Sudan. Berlin: Akademie.
Brass, Michael (2015). “Interactions and pastoralism along the southern and southeastern frontiers of the Meroitic state, Sudan”. Journal of World Prehistory 28, p. 255-288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-015-9089-1
Brass, Michael (2016). Reinterpreting chronology and society at the mortuary complex of Jebel Moya (Sudan). Oxford: Archaeopress.
Bruun, Ole (2006). Precious steppe: Mongolian nomadic pastoralists in pursuit of the market. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Bubenzer, Olaf, Andreas Bolten, & Frank Darius (Eds.) (2007). Atlas of cultural and environmental change in arid Africa. Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut.
Burstein, Stanley M. (1989). Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Erythraean Sea. London: The Hakluyt Society.
Burstein, Stanley M. (2008). “Trogodytes = Blemmyes = Beja? The misuse of ancient ethnography”. In: W. Wendrich & H. Barnard (Eds.), The archaeology of mobility: Old World and New World nomadism. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, p. 250-263.
Červíček, Pavel (1974). Felsbilder des Nord-Etbai. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
Chaix, Louis (2001). “Animals as symbols: the bucrania of the grave KN 24 (Kerma, Northern Sudan)”. In: H. Buitenhuis & W. Prummel (Eds.), Animals and man in the past: essays in honour of Dr. A. T. Clason, emeritus professor of archaeozoology, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, the Netherlands. Groningen: Centrum voor Archeologisch Research & Consultancy, p. 364-370.
Chaix, Louis, Jérôme Dubosson, & Matthieu Honegger (2012). “Bucrania from the Eastern cemetery at Kerma (Sudan) and the practice of cattle horn deformation”. In: M. Chłodnicki, M. Kobusiewicz, & J. Kabaciński (Eds.), Prehistory of Northeastern Africa: new ideas and discoveries. Poznań: Poznań Archaeological Museum, p. 189-212.
Chlebowski, Adrian, & Mariusz Drzewiecki (2019). “Recent research work at the western and southern fringes of Nubia”. In: D. Raue (Ed.), Handbook of ancient Nubia. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, Vol. 2, 1029-1049. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110420388-042
Cooney, William (2011). Egypt’s encounter with the West: race, culture and identity [Doctoral Dissertation, Durham University].
Cooper, Julien (2020a). “A nomadic state? The ‘Blemmyean-Beja’ polity of the ancient Eastern Desert”. Journal of African history 61, p. 383-407.
Cooper, Julien (2020b). Toponymy on the periphery: placenames of the Eastern Desert, Red Sea, and south Sinai in Egyptian documents from the Early Dynastic until the end of the New Kingdom. Leiden; Boston: Brill.
Cooper, Julien (2021). “Between the Nile and the Red Sea: Medjay desert polities in the third to first millennium BCE”. Old World: Journal of Ancient Africa and Eurasia 1(1), p. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1163/26670755-01010001
Cooper, Julien (2022). “Children of the Desert: The Indigenous Peoples of the Eastern Desert in the Pharaonic Period”. In: H. Cuvigny (Ed.) Blemmyes: New Documents and New Perspectives. Le Caire: Institut français d'archéologie orientale, p. 5-41.
Cribb, Roger (1991). Nomads in archaeology. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press.
Cuvigny, Hélène (2014). “Papyrological evidence on "barbarians" in the Egyptian Eastern Desert”. In J. H. F. Dijkstra & G. Fisher (Eds.), Inside and out: interactions between Rome and the peoples on the Arabian and Egyptian frontiers in Late Antiquity. Leuven: Peeters, p. 165-198.
Cuvigny, Hélène (2020). “L’élevage des chameaux sur la route d’Edfou à Bérénice d’après une lettre trouvée à Bi’r Samut (iiie siècle av. J.‑C.)”. In: D. Agut-Labordère, B. Redon (eds), Les vaisseaux du désert et des steppes: les camélidés dans l'Antiquité (Camelus dromedatius et Camelarus bactrianus). Lyon: MOM Éditions, p. 171-180.
Dahl, Gudrun & Anders Hjort-af-Ornäs (2006). “Precolonial Beja: A Periphery at the Crossroads”. Nordic journal of African studies 15, p. 473-498.
Darnell, John Coleman & Colleen Manassa Darnell (2020). “A settlement and its satellites in the desert hinterland of Moalla: new light on "enigmatic" Late Roman sites in the Eastern Desert”. In: G. E. Bowen, A. J. Mills, H. Smith, A. J. Pettman, D. A. Stewart, A. R. Warfe, J. C. R. Gill, & C. R. Hamilton (Eds.), Dust, demons and pots: studies in honour of Colin A. Hope. Leuven; Paris; Bristol, CT: Peeters, p. 113-148.
Desanges, Jean (1989). “Arabes et Arabie en terre d’Afrique dans la géographie antique”. In: T. Fahd (Ed.), L’Arabie préislamique et son environnement historique et culturel. Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg, 24-27 juin 1987. Leiden: Brill, p. 413-429.
de Souza, Aaron (2019). New horizons: the Pan-Grave ceramic tradition in context. London: Golden House.
di Cosmo, Nicola (2002). Ancient China and its enemies: the rise of nomadic power in East Asian history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
di Lernia, Savino, Mary Anne Tafuri, Marina Gallinaro, Francesca Alhaique, Marie Balasse, Lucia Cavorsi, Paul D. Fullagar, Anna Maria Mercuri, Andrea Monaco, Alessandro Perego, & Andrea Zerboni (2013). “Inside the "African cattle complex": animal burials in the holocene central Sahara”. PloS one 8(2), e56879-e56879. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056879
Dimmendaal, Gerrit (2007). “The Wadi Howar diaspora: linking linguistic diffusion to palaeoclimatological and archaeological findings”. In: F. Darius, O. Bubenzer, & A. Bolten (Eds.), Atlas of cultural and environmental change in arid Africa. Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, p. 148-149.
Edwards, David (1998). “Meroe and the Sudanic Kingdoms”. The Journal of African History 39, p. 175-193.
Edwards, David (2018). “Late antique Nubia revisited. In: T. Bács, Á. Bollók, & T. Vida (Eds.), Across the Mediterranean - Along the Nile: studies in Egyptology, Nubiology and Late Antiquity dedicated to László Török on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Budapest: Institute of Archaeology; Research Centre for the Humanities; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Museum of Fine Arts, Vol. 2, p. 539-546.
Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and ethnic identity in late imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Emberling, Geoff (2014). “Pastoral states: toward a comparative archaeology of early Kush”. Origini: preistoria e protostoria delle civiltà antiche 36, p. 125-156.
Esser, Monika, & Otto Esser (1982). “Bemerkungen zum Vorkommen des Kamels im östlichen Afrika im 14. Jahrhundert.” Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 4, p. 225-238.
FHN = Eide, Tormod, Tomas Hägg, Richard Holton Pierce, and László Török (1994-2000). Fontes historiae Nubiorum: textual sources for the history of the Middle Nile region between the eighth century BC and the sixth century AD. Bergen: University of Bergen.
Finkelstein, Israel (1995). Living on the fringe: the archaeology and history of the Negev, Sinai and neighbouring regions in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
Fischer, Henry G. (1959). “An example of Memphite influence in a Theban stela of the Eleventh Dynasty”. Artibus Asiae 22, p. 240-252.
Fischer, Henry G. (1961). “The Nubian mercenaries of Gebelein during the First Intermediate Period”. Kush 9, p. 44-80.
Fischer-Elfert, Hans-Werner (2005). “Sedentarism and nomadism as criteria of ancient Egyptian cultural identity”. In B. Streck & S. Leder (Eds.), Shifts and drifts in nomad-sedentary relations. Wiesbaden: Reichert, p. 327-349.
Gardiner, Alan H. (1937). Late-Egyptian miscellanies. Bruxelles: Fondation égyptologique Reine Élisabeth.
Gatto, Maria Carmela (2014). “Peripatetic nomads along the Nile: unfolding the Nubian Pan-Grave culture of the Second Intermediate Period”. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 6, p. 11-28.
González-Ruibal, Alfredo (2021). “The cosmopolitan borderland: western Ethiopia c. AD 600–1800”. Antiquity 95, p. 530-548.
Graeber, David & David Wengrow (2021). The dawn of everything: a new history of humanity. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Gregory, Isabelle V., Michael Brass, & Iwona Kozieradzka-Ogunmakin (2022). “New radiocarbon dates from Jebel Moya (Sudan): 2500 years of burial activity”. Antiquity, p. 1-6.
Hagen, Joost L. (2009). “Districts, towns and other locations of medieval Nubia and Egypt, mentioned in the Coptic and Old Nubian texts from Qasr Ibrim”. Sudan & Nubia 13, p. 114-119.
Hämäläinen, Pekka (2013). “What’s in a concept? The kinetic empire of the Comanches”. History and Theory 52, p. 81–90
Hatke, George (2013). Aksum and Nubia: warfare, commerce, and political fictions in ancient Northeast Africa New York: New York University Press.
Heidorn, Lisa A. (1997). “The horses of Kush”. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 56, p. 105-114.
Helck, Wolfgang (1967). “Eine Briefsammlung aus der Verwaltung des Amuntempels”. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 6, p. 146-151.
Hjort-af-Ornäs, Anders & Gudrun Dahl (1991). Responsible man: The Atmaan Beja of North-eastern Sudan. Uppsala: Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology.
Hobbs, Joseph (1989). Bedouin life in the Egyptian wilderness. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Honeychurch, William (2014). “Alternative Complexities: The Archaeology of Pastoral Nomadic States”. Journal of archaeological research 22(4), p. 277-326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-014-9073-9
Hulin, Linda (2012). “The Western Marmarica Coastal Survey, Libya”. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 4, p. 14-17.
Hulin, Linda (2020). “The Libyans”. In: E. Bloxam & I. Shaw (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Egyptology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 493-513. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199271870.013.27
Jesse, Friederike, Stefan Kröpelin, Mathias Lange, Nadja Pöllath, & Hubert Berke (2004). “On the periphery of Kerma: the Handessi horizon in Wadi Hariq, Northwestern Sudan”. Journal of African Archaeology 2 (2), p. 123-164.
Kamrin, Janice (2013). “The procession of "Asiatics" at Beni Hasan”. In: J. Aruz, S. B. Graff, & Y. Rakic (Eds.), Cultures in contact: from Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the second millennium BC. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, p. 156-169.
Karberg, Tim, & Angelika Lohwasser (2019). “Living and travelling in the Bayuda: the Wadi Abu Dom”. In: D. Raue (Ed.), Handbook of ancient Nubia. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, Vol. 2, p. 1019-1027. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110420388-041
Khazanov, Anatoly M. (1994). Nomads and the outside world (2nd ed.). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Kraemer, Bryan, & Kate Liszka (2016). “Evidence for administration of the Nubian fortresses in the late Middle Kingdom: the Semna Dispatches”. Journal of Egyptian History 9 (1), p. 1-65. https://doi.org/10.1163/18741665-12340026
Lepsius, Carl Richard (1849-1859). Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien. Berlin: Nicolaische Buchhandlung.
Krzywinski, Knut (2012). “The Eastern Desert tombs and cultural continuity”. In: H. Barnard & K. Duistermaat (Eds.), The history of the peoples of the Eastern Desert. Los Angeles: University of California, p. 140-155.
Krzywinski, Knut, Gidske Andersen, & Richard Pierce (2020). “At the crossroads of kingdoms and empires: RPAS mapping of Nubt in the land of the Beja”. In: I. B. Mæhle, P. B. Ravnå, E. He. Seland (Eds.), Methods and models in ancient history: Essays in honor of Jørgen Christian Meyer. Athens: Norwegian Institute at Athens, p. 15-34.
Lancelotti, Carla, Stefano Biagetti, Andrea Zerboni, Donatella Usai, & Marco Madella (2019). “The archaeology and ethnoarchaeology of rain-fed cultivation in arid and hyper-arid North Africa”. Antiquity 93, p. 1026-1039. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2019.109
Landais, E. (2001). “The marking of livestock in traditional pastoral societies”. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics) 20, p. 445-479.
Lassányi, Gábor (2012). “On the archaeology of the native population of the Eastern Desert in the first-seventh centuries CE”. In: H. Barnard & K. Duistermaat (Eds.), The history of the peoples of the Eastern Desert. Los Angeles: University of California, p. 248-269.
Leahy, Anthony (1985). “The Libyan Period in Egypt: an essay in interpretation”. Libyan Studies 16, p. 51-65.
Levy, Thomas E. (2009). “Pastoral nomads and Iron Age metal production in ancient Edom”. In J. Szuchman (Ed.), Nomads, tribes, and the state in the ancient Near East: cross-disciplinary perspectives. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, p. 147-177.
Liszka, Kate (2011). “"We have come from the well of Ibhet": ethnogenesis of the Medjay”. Journal of Egyptian History 4, p. 149-171. https://doi.org/10.1163/187416611x612132
Liszka, Kate, & Bryan Kraemer (2016). “Evidence for administration of the Nubian fortresses in the late Middle Kingdom: P. Ramesseum 18”. Journal of Egyptian History 9(2), p. 151-208. https://doi.org/10.1163/18741665-12340029
Liszka, Kate, & Aaron de Souza (2021). “Pan-Grave and Medjay: at the intersection of archaeology and history”. In: B. B. Williams & G. Emberling (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of ancient Nubia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 227-249. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190496272.013.13
Lohwasser, Angelika, Tim Karberg, & Johannes Auenmüller (Eds.) (2018). Bayuda studies: proceedings of the first international conference on the archaeology of the Bayuda Desert in Sudan. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Luft, Ulrich (Ed.) (2010). Bi'r Minayh: report on the survey 1998 - 2004. Budapest: Archaeolingua.
Manassa, Colleen (2003). The great Karnak inscription of Merneptah: grand strategy in the 13th century BC. New Haven: Oxford: Yale Egyptological Seminar; Oxbow.
Manzo, Andrea (2004). “Late Antique Evidence in Eastern Sudan”. Sudan & Nubia 8, 75-83.
Manzo, Andrea (2014). “New Eastern Desert Ware finds from Sudan and Ethiopia”. In: A. Lohwasser & P. Wolf (Eds.), Ein Forscherleben zwischen den Welten: zum 80. Geburtstag von Steffen Wenig. Berlin: Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft, p. 237-252.
Manzo, Andrea (2017a). Eastern Sudan in its setting: the archaeology of a region far from the Nile Valley. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Manzo, Andrea (2017b). “The territorial expanse of the Pan-Grave culture thirty years later”. Sudan & Nubia 21, p. 98-112.
Manzo, Andrea (2020). “The Nubian and pharaonic ceramic materials”. In W. V. Davies & D. A. Welsby (Eds.), Travelling the Korosko Road: archaeological exploration in Sudan's Eastern Desert. Oxford: Archaeopress, p. 68-83.
Manzo, Andrea, Alfredo Coppa, Alemseged Beldados Aleho, & Vincenzo Zoppi (2011). Italian Archaeological Expedition to the Sudan of the University of Naples “L’Orientale”: 2010 Field Season. Napoli: Il torcoliere.
Marshall, Fiona, Katherine Grillo, & Lee Arco (2011). “Prehistoric pastoralists and social responses to climatic risk in East Africa”. In: N. Miller, K. Moore, & K. Ryan (Eds) Sustainable lifeways: cultural persistence in an ever-changing environment. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 39-74.
Mattingly, D. J. (1983). “The Laguatan: A Libyan Tribal Confederation in the Late Roman Empire”. Libyan Studies 14, p. 96-108.
McCabe, J. Terrence (2004). Cattle Bring Us to Our Enemies: Turkana Ecology, Politics, and Raiding in a Disequilibrium System. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
McIntosh, Susan Keech (1999). “Pathways to complexity: an African perspective”. In: S. K. McIntosh (Ed.), Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 1-30. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511558238.002
Moreno García, Juan Carlos (2014). “L'organisation sociale de l'agriculture pharaonique: quelques cas d’étude”. Annales: histoire, sciences sociales 2014(1), p. 39-74.
Moreno García, Juan Carlos (2015). “Ḥwt-jḥ(w)t, the administration of the Western Delta and the ‘Libyan question’ in the third millennium BC”. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 101, p. 69-105.
Morkot, R. (1999). “Kingship and kinship in the Empire of Kush”. In: P. Andrássy & S. Wenig (Eds.), Studien zum antiken Sudan: Akten der 7. internationalen Tagung für meroitische Forschungen vom 14. bis 19. September 1992 in Gosen/bei Berlin. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, p. 179-229.
Morris, Ellen Fowles (2005). The architecture of imperialism: military bases and the evolution of foreign policy in Egypt's New Kingdom. Leiden; Boston: Brill.
Morton, John Francis (1989). Descent, reciprocity and inequality among the Northern Beja. [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Hull].
Mourad, Anna-Latifa (2015). Rise of the Hyksos: Egypt and the Levant from the Middle Kingdom to the early Second Intermediate Period. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Muiu, Mueni (2009). A New Paradigm of the African State. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Murray, George W. (1935). Sons of Ishmael: A study of the Egyptian Bedouin. London: G. Routledge & Sons.
Näser, Claudia (2012). “Nomads at the Nile: towards and archaeology of interaction”. In: H. Barnard & K. Duistermaat (Eds.), The history of the peoples of the Eastern Desert. Los Angeles: University of California, p. 80-89.
Obłuski, Artur (2010). “The formation of the Nobadian State. Social changes in Lower Nubia in Late Antiquity”. In: W. Godlewski & A. Łajtar (Eds.), Between the cataracts: proceedings of the 11th Conference for Nubian studies, Warsaw University, 27 August-2 September 2006. Warsaw: Warsaw University Press, Vol. 2, p. 607-617.
Obłuski, Artur, Henryk Paner, & Mirosław Masojć (Eds.) (2021). Bayuda and its neighbours. Turnhout: Brepols.
O'Connor, David (1990). “The nature of Tjemhu (Libyan) society in the later New Kingdom”. In: A. Leahy (Ed.), Libya and Egypt, c 1300 - 750 BC. London: University of London, p. 29-113.
Paul, Jürgen (2013). Nomad aristocrats in a world of empires. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
Posener-Kriéger, Paule (2004). I papiri di Gebelein: scavi G. Farina 1935. Torino: Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, Soprintendenza al Museo delle Antichità Egizie.
Power, Timothy (2012). The Red Sea from Byzantium to the Caliphate: AD 500-1000. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
Prussin, Labelle (1995). African nomadic architecture: space, place, and gender. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press: National Museum of African Art.
Redford, Donald B. (1970). “The Hyksos invasion in history and tradition”. Orientalia 39(1), p. 1-51.
Redford, Donald B. (1986). “Egypt and Western Asia in the Old Kingdom”. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 23, p. 125-143.
Rieger, Anna-Katharina, Thomas Vetter, & Heike Möller (2012). “The desert dwellers of Marmarica, Western Desert: second millennium BCE to first millennium CE”. In: H. Barnard & K. Duistermaat (Eds.), The history of the peoples of the Eastern Desert. Los Angeles: University of California, p. 156-173.
Riemer, Heiko (Ed.) (2011). El Kharafish: The archaeology of Sheikh Muftah pastoral nomads in the desert around Dakhla Oasis (Egypt). Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut.
Riemer, Heiko, & Karin Kindermann (2019). “Eastern Saharan prehistory during the 9th to 5th millennium BC: the view from the Libyan Desert’”. In: D. Raue (Ed.), Handbook of ancient Nubia. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, Vol. 1, p. 195-216.
Roe, Alan (2008). “Naming the Waters: New Insights into the nomadic use of the oases in the Libyan Desert of Egypt”. In H. Barnard & W. Wendrich (Eds), The Archaeology of Mobility: Old and New World Nomadism, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, p. 487-509.
Rilly, Claude (2008). “Enemy brothers: kinship and relationship between Meroites and Nubians (Noba)”. In: W. Godlewski & A. Łajtar (Eds.), Between the cataracts: proceedings of the 11th Conference for Nubian studies, Warsaw University, 27 August-2 September 2006. Warsaw: Warsaw University Press, p. 211-225.
Ritner, Robert (2009). “Egypt and the vanishing Libyan: institutional responses to a nomadic people”. In: J. Szuchman (Ed.), Nomads, tribes, and the state in the ancient Near East: cross-disciplinary perspectives. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, p. 43-56.
Russell, Thembi (2013). “Through the skin: Exploring pastoralist marks and their meanings to understand parts of East African rock art”. Journal of Social Archaeology 13, p. 3-30.
Sadr, Karim (1991). The development of nomadism in ancient northeast Africa. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Sadr, Karim, Alfredo Castiglioni, Angelo Castiglioni, & John C. Vogel (1995). “Nubian desert archaeology: a preliminary view” Archéologie du Nil moyen 7, p. 203-235.
Salzman, Philip Carl (1978). “Ideology and change in Middle Eastern tribal societies”. Man 13, p. 618-637.
Sauneron, Serge (1959). “L'avis des Egyptiens sur la cuisine Soudanaise”. Kush 7, p. 63-70.
Scharff, Alexander (1922). “Ein Rechnungsbuch des königlichen Hofes aus der 13. Dynastie (Pap. Boulaq Nr. 18)”. Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 57, p. 51-68.
Schulman, Alan R. (1982). “The Nubian war of Akhenaton”. In: Anonymous (Ed.), L'Égyptologie en 1979: axes prioritaires de recherches. Paris: Éditions du Centre national de la Recherche scientifique, Vol. 2, p. 299-316.
Sidebotham, Steven E., Hans Barnard, & Gillian Pyke (2002). “Five enigmatic Late Roman settlements in the Eastern Desert”. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 88, p. 187-225.
Smither, Paul C. (1945). “The Semnah despatches”. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 31, p. 3-10.
Snape, Steven (2003). “The emergence of Libya on the horizon of Egypt”. In: D. O'Connor & S. Quirke (Eds.), Mysterious lands. London: UCL Press, p. 93-106.
Snape, Steven (2013). “A stroll along the corniche: coastal routes between the Nile Delta and Cyrenaica in the Late Bronze Age”. In: F. Förster & H. Riemer (Eds.), Desert road archaeology in Ancient Egypt and beyond. Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, p. 439-454.
Sneath, David (2007). The headless state: aristocratic orders, kinship society, & misrepresentations of nomadic inner Asia. New York: Columbia University Press.
Szuchman, Jeffrey (2009). “Integrating approaches to nomads, tribes, and the state in the ancient Near East”. In: J. Szuchman (Ed.), Nomads, tribes, and the state in the ancient Near East: cross-disciplinary perspectives. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, p. 1-12.
Tallet, Pierre, & Damien Laisney (2012). “Iry-Hor et Narmer au Sud-Sinaï (Ouadi 'Ameyra): un complément à la chronologie des expéditions minières égyptiennes”. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale 112, p. 381-398.
Togan, İsenbike (1998). Flexibility and limitation in steppe formations: the Kerait Khanate and Chinggis Khan Leiden; New York: Brill.
Török, László (2009). Between two worlds: the frontier region between ancient Nubia and Egypt, 3700 BC-AD 500. Leiden; Boston: Brill.
Trigger, Bruce G. (1965). History and settlement in Lower Nubia. New Haven: Department of Anthropology, Yale University.
Tristant, Yann (2012). “Nouvelles découvertes dans le désert Oriental: le ouadi Araba de la préhistoire à l'époque copte”. Bulletin de la Société Française d'Égyptologie 182, p. 33-53.
Updegraff, Robert Timothy (1978). A study of the Blemmyes [Doctoral Dissertation, Brandeis University].
Vernus, Pascal (1986). “Études de philologie et de linguistique (V).” Revue d'égyptologie 37, p. 139-147.
Vetter, Thomas, Anna-Katharina Rieger, & Heike Möller (2013). “Water, routes and rangelands: ancient traffic and grazing infrastructure in the eastern Marmarica (northwestern Egypt)”. In: F. Förster & H. Riemer (Eds.), Desert road archaeology in Ancient Egypt and beyond. Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, p. 455-484.
Wainwright, G. A. (1962). “The Meshwesh”. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 48, p. 89-99.
Welsby, Derek A. (2002). The medieval kingdoms of Nubia: pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile. London: British Museum Press.
Wendrich, Willeke & Hans Barnard (2008). “The Archaeology of Mobility: Definitions and Research Approaches”. In: H. Barnard & W. Wendrich (Eds.) The archaeology of mobility: Old World and New World nomadism. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, p. 1-16.
Westendorf, Wolfhart (1965). Koptisches Handwörterbuch: bearbeitet auf Grund des Koptischen Handwörterbuchs Wilhelm Spiegelbergs. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
White, Donald, & Arthur P. White (1996). “Coastal sites of northeast Africa: the case against Bronze Age ports”. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 33, p. 11-30.
Wilson, R. T. (1984). The Camel. Harlow: Longman.
Wink, André (2011). “Post-Nomadic Empires: From the Mongols to the Mughals”. In: P. Bang & C. Bayly (Eds.), Tributary Empires in Global History. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 120-131. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230307674_7
Winnicki, Jan K. (2009). Late Egypt and her neighbours: foreign population in Egypt in the first millennium BC. Warsaw: Faculty of Law and Administration, Warsaw University.
Yoffee, Norman (2005). Myths of the archaic state: evolution of the earliest cities, states and civilizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zarins, Juris & Awad Zahrani (1984). “Recent Archaeological Investigations in the Southern Tihama Plain”. Atlal 9, p. 65-107.
Zibelius-Chen, Karola (1994). “Die Kubanstele Ramses' II.: und die nubischen Goldregionen”. In: C. Berger, G. Clerc, & N. Grimal (Eds.), Hommages à Jean Leclant. Le Caire: Institut français d’archéologie orientale, Vol. 2, p. 411-417.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2022 Julien Cooper
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Os conteúdos expressos nos textos publicados pela Mare Nostrum são de exclusiva responsabilidade de seus respectivos autores.
A reprodução dos textos editados pela Mare Nostrum é permitida sob licença Creative Commons, Atribuição-NãoComercial (CC BY-NC).
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
