Cross-cultural adaptation of discrimination and vigilance scales in ELSA-Brasil

Authors

  • Rosane Harter Griep Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Educação em Ambiente e Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6250-2036
  • Fernanda Esthefane Garrides Oliveira Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca. Programa de Epidemiologia em Saúde Pública. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1463-6945
  • Odaleia Barbosa de Aguiar Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Nutrição. Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9951-042X
  • Arlinda B. Moreno Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca. Departamento de Epidemiologia e Métodos Quantitativos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8282-6521
  • Márcia Guimarães de Mello Alves Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Planejamento em Saúde. Niterói, RJ, Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5790-5941
  • Ana Luisa Patrão Universidade do Porto. Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação. Centro de Psicologia. Porto, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2027-5461
  • Maria de Jesus Mendes da Fonseca Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca. Departamento de Epidemiologia e Métodos Quantitativos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5319-5513
  • Dóra Chor Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca. Departamento de Epidemiologia e Métodos Quantitativos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3941-5786

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2022056004278

Keywords:

Social Discrimination, classification, Psychometrics, Translating, Reproducibility of Results, Validation Study

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To describe the process of cross-cultural adaptation for the use in Brazil of the Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) and the Heightened Vigilance Scale (HVS) applied in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). METHODS: Conceptual, item and semantic equivalence analyses were conducted by a group of four epidemiologists; evaluation of measurement equivalence (factorial analysis of configural, metric and scalar structures, according to sociodemographic characteristics) and reliability. A total of 11,987 participants responded to the discrimination scale, and a subsample of 260 people participated in the test-retest study. In the case of HVS, 8,916 people responded, while 149 individuals did so in the test-retest study. RESULTS: The scales presented conceptual, item and semantic equivalence pertinent in the Brazilian context, in addition to adequate correspondence of referential/denotative meaning of terms and also of the general/connotative of the items. The confirmatory factor analysis of EDS revealed a unidimensional structure, with residual correlations between two pairs of items, presenting configural and metric invariance among the four subgroups evaluated. Scalar invariance was identified according to sex and age group, but it was not observed for race/color and education. Heightened vigilance showed low loads and high residuals, with inadequate adjustment indicators. For the items of the discrimination scale the weighted kappa coefficient (Kp) ranged from 0.44 to 0.78, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.87. For HVS items, the Kp ranged from 0.47 to 0.59 and the ICC was 0.83. CONCLUSIONS: Although there are correlated items, it was concluded that the EDS is a promising scale to evaluate experiences of perceived discrimination in Brazilian daily life. However, the heightened vigilance scale did not present equivalence of measurement in the current format.

References

Krieger N, Smith K, Naishadham D, Hartman C, Barbeau EM. Experiences of discrimination: validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61(7):1576-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.03.006

Lewis TT, Cogburn CD, Williams DR. Self-reported experiences of discrimination and health: scientific advances, ongoing controversies, and emerging issues. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2015;11:407-40. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728

Pascoe EA, Richman LS. Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2009;135(4):531-54. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016059

Williams DR, Mohammed SA. Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. J Behav Med. 2009;32(1):20-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0

Williams DR, Lawrence JA, Davis BA. Racism and health: evidence and needed research. Annu Rev Public Health. 2019;40:105-25. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750

Essed P. Understanding everyday racism: an interdisciplinary theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1991.

Williams DR, Yu Y, Jackson JS, Anderson NB. Racial differences in physical and mental health: socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. J Health Psychol. 1997;2(3):335-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910539700200305

Bourabain D, Verhaeghe PP. The conceptualization of everyday racism in research on the mental and physical health of ethnic and racial groups: a systematic review. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2021;8(3):648-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00824-5

Taylor TR, Kamarck TW, Shiffman S. Validation of the Detroit Area Study Discrimination Scale in a community sample of older African American adults: the Pittsburgh healthy heart project. Int J Behav Med. 2004;11(2):88-94. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm1102_4

Pérez DJ, Fortuna L, Alegria M. Prevalence and correlates of everyday discrimination among U.S. Latinos. J Community Psychol. 2008;1;36(4):421-33. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20221

Lewis TT, Yang FM, Jacobs EA, Fitchett G. Racial/ethnic differences in responses to the Everyday Discrimination Scale: a differential item functioning analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;175(5):391-401. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr287

Bastos JL, Harnois CE. Does the Everyday Discrimination Scale generate meaningful cross-group estimates? A psychometric evaluation. Soc Sci Med. 2020;265:113321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113321

Harnois CE, Bastos JL, Campbell ME, Keith VM. Measuring perceived mistreatment across diverse social groups: an evaluation of the Everyday Discrimination Scale. Soc Sci Med. 2019;232:298-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.011

Kim G, Sellbom M, Ford KL. Race/ethnicity and measurement equivalence of the Everyday Discrimination Scale. Psychol Assess. 2014;26(3):892-900. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036431

Clark R, Benkert RA, Flack JM. Large arterial elasticity varies as a function of gender and racism-related vigilance in black youth. J Adolesc Health. 2006;39(4):562-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.02.012

Hicken MT, Lee H, Ailshire J, Burgard SA, Williams DR. "Every shut eye, ain't sleep": the role of racism-related vigilance in racial/ethnic disparities in sleep difficulty. Race Soc Probl. 2013;5(2):100-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-013-9095-9

LaVeist TA, Thorpe RJ Jr, Pierre G, Mance GA, Williams DR. The relationships among vigilant coping style, race, and depression. J Soc Issues. 2014;70(2):241-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12058

Himmelstein MS, Young DM, Sanchez DT, Jackson JS. Vigilance in the discrimination-stress model for Black Americans. Psychol Health. 2015;30(3):253-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2014.966104

Bauerband LA, Teti M, Velicer WF. Measuring minority stress: invariance of a discrimination and vigilance scale across transgender and cisgender LGBQ individuals. Psychol Sexual. 2019;10(1):17-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2018.1520143

Reichenheim ME, Moraes CL. Operacionalização de adaptação transcultural de instrumentos de aferição usados em epidemiologia. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(4):665-73. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102006005000035

Aquino EM, Barreto SM, Bensenor IM, Carvalho MS, Chor D, Duncan BB, et al. Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil): objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;175(4):315-24. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr294

Stucky BD, Gottfredson NC, Panter AT, Daye CE, Allen WR, Wightman LF. An item factor analysis and item response theory-based revision of the Everyday Discrimination Scale. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2011;17(2):175-85. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023356

Muthén LK, Muthén BO. Mplus user’s guide. 8. ed. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén; 1998-2017.

Hair JF Jr, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE, Tatham RL. Análise multivariada de dados. 6. Porto Alegre: Bookman; 2009

Milfont TL, Fischer R. Testing measurement invariance across groups: applications in cross-cultural research. Int J Psychol Res. 2010;3(1):111-30. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.857

Chen FF. Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Struct Equ Modeling. 2007;14(3):464-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834

Fleiss JL. Statistical methods for rates and proportions. 2. ed. New York, NY: Wiley; 1981. (Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics).

Reeve BB, Willis G, Shariff-Marco SN, Breen N, Williams DR, Gee GC, et al. Comparing cognitive interviewing and psychometric methods to evaluate a racial/ethnic discrimination scale. Field Methods. 2011;23(4):397-419. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X11416564

Sternthal MJ, Slopen N, Williams DR. racial disparities in health: how much does stress really matter? Du Bois Rev. 2011;8(1):95-113. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X11000087

Williams DR. Measuring discrimination resource. Boston, MA: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; 2020 [citado 16 jun 2021]. Disponível em: https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/davidrwilliams/files/discrimination_resource_dec._2020.pdf

Published

2022-12-07

Issue

Section

Original Articles

How to Cite

Griep, R. H., Oliveira, F. E. G., Aguiar, O. B. de, Moreno, A. B., Alves, M. G. de M., Patrão, A. L., Fonseca, M. de J. M. da ., & Chor, D. (2022). Cross-cultural adaptation of discrimination and vigilance scales in ELSA-Brasil. Revista De Saúde Pública, 56, 110. https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2022056004278