The efficacy of oral polio vaccine in malnourished Amazonian children

Abstract

Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain the diminished efficacy of the oral polio vaccine in underdeveloped tropical regions. In this study, the influence of mild to moderate chronic malnutrition on the development of antibodies to the 3 types of polioviruses was investigated in Brazilian Amazonian children. Vaccines were administered to 106 normal and stunted children, between 5 to 14 months of age, who were not suffering from acute malnutrition (wasting), in poor peri-urban slum areas of Manaus (AM) and São Luis (MA) during the National Poliomyelitis Vaccination Campaigns of 1981 and 1982. Two weeks after vaccination, blood was collected by digital puncture and the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies for the 3 types of polioviruses was determined in serum at a dilution of 1:8. In children who had received one dose of the vaccine, 43% of normal children had antibodies to 2 or 3 types of polioviruses, against only 9% of stunted children (p = .04). In children who had received 2 doses of vaccine, 75% of normal children but only 32% of stunted children had formed antibodies to 2 or 3 types of polioviruses (p = .001). These results suggest that mildly to moderately stunted children have an impaired immune response to the oral poliomyelitis vaccine and that more than 2 doses of vaccine are necessary to achieve satisfactory immunity levels in poor tropical communities where such malnutrition is common.