Capitalismo desenfreado: sobre rackets, cronies e mafiosos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2018.146125Palavras-chave:
Capitalismo, Rackets, Cronyism, Mafioso Estado, Teoria crítica da sociedadeResumo
No início dos anos de 1940, a teoria crítica tomou emprestado o termo racket do submundo do crime urbano e o utilizou para a crítica do capitalismo monopolista, o qual era visto como uma constelação governada de modo semelhante ao das máfias. Décadas mais tarde, após as experiências do Estado de bem-estar social nos países centrais e as modernizações retardatárias na periferia, propôs-se conceitos tais como os de cronyism e mafioso State. O que essas três abordagens têm em comum é o fato de destacarem a natureza mafiosa do capitalismo, fazendo-o para distintos contextos históricos e sociais. Este artigo sugere que, mais recentemente, e de modo crescente, os rackets, cronies ou máfias se tornaram elementos estruturais do capitalismo, como havia sido observado primeiramente pela teoria crítica durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. A fim de lançar luz sobre esse desenvolvimento, combinamos a crítica teórica e algumas visadas a respeito da fase atual do capitalismo com referências a expressões empíricas desse fenômeno.
Downloads
Referências
Adorno, Theodor W. ([1942] 1972), “Reflexionen zur Klassentheorie”. In: ______. Soziologische Schriften. Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, pp. 373-391.
Benjamin, Walter. ([1940] 1974), “Über den Begriff der Geschichte”. In: ______. Gesammelte Schriften. Band I, 2. Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, pp. 693-704.
Boltanski, Luc & Chiapello, Ève. ([1998] 2011), Le nouvel esprit du capitalisme. Paris, Gallimard.
Chang, Kyung-Sup. (2017), “Compressed modernity”. In: Turner, Bryan S. et al. The Wiley-Blackwell encyclopedia of social theory. Malden, Wiley-Blackwell.
Domingues, José Mauricio. (2002), “A dialética da modernização conservadora e a nova história do brasil”. Dados – Revista de Ciências Sociais, 45 (3): 459-482.
Fetscher, Iring. (1986), “Die Ambivalenz des liberalistischen ‘Erbes’ in der Sicht von Max Horkheimer. Eine Skizze zu seinen politischen Reflexionen im Exil”. In: Schmidt, Alfred & Altwicker, Norbert (eds.). Max Horkheimer heute: Werk und Wirkung. Frankfurt am Main, Fischer.
Foa, Roberto Stefan & Mounk, Yascha. (2016), “The danger of deconsolidation”. Journal of Democracy, 27 (3): 5-17.
Greven, Michael Th. (1994), “Zur Kontinuität der ‘Racket-Theorie’”. In: ______. Kritische Theorie und historische Politik.
Wiesbaden, vs Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, pp. 157-181.
Gurland. A. R. L. (1941), “Technological trends and economic structure under National Socialism”. Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, ix: 226-263.
Habermas, Jürgen. (1973), Legitimationsprobleme im Spätkapitalismus. Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp.
Habermas, Jürgen. ([1979] 2003), Zeitdiagnosen. Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, pp. 27-49.
Habermas, Jürgen. ([1985] 1991), “The new obscurity: the crisis of the Welfare State and the exhaustion of utopian energies”. In: ______. The new conservatism: cultural criticism and the historians’ debate. Cambridge, The mit Press, pp. 48-70.
Hirano, Sedi & Estenssoro, Luis. (2006), “Padrões de desenvolvimento e de oportunidade social na América Latina e no Leste Asiático”. Cadernos Prolam/usp, 5 (2): 105-146.
Horkheimer, Max. ([1931] 1988), “Die gegenwärtige Lage der Sozialphilosophie und die Aufgaben eines Instituts für Sozialforschung”. In: ______. Gesammelte Schriften. Frankfurt am Main, Fischer, vol. 3, pp. 20-35.
Horkheimer, Max. ([1937] 1988), “Traditionelle und kritische Theorie”. In: ______. Gesammelte Schriften. Frankfurt am Main, Fischer, vol. 4, pp. 162-216.
Horkheimer, Max. ([1939] 1988), “Die Juden und Europa”. In: ______. Gesammelte Schriften. Frankfurt am Main, Fischer, vol. 4, pp. 308-331.
Horkheimer, Max. ([1940/1942] 1987), “Autoritärer Staat”. In: ______. Gesammelte Schriften. Frankfurt am Main, Fischer, vol. 5, pp. 293-319.
Horkheimer, Max. ([1942] 1987), “Vernunft und Selbsterhaltung”. In: ______. Gesammelte Schriften. Frankfurt am Main, Fischer, vol. 5, pp. 320-350.
Horkheimer, Max. ([1943] 1985a), “Zur Soziologie der Klassenverhältnisse”. In: ______. Gesammelte Schriften. Frankfurt am Main, Fischer, vol. 12, pp. 75-104.
Horkheimer, Max. ([~1940] 1985b), “Die Rackets und der Geist”. In: ______. Gesammelte Schriften. Frankfurt am Main, Fischer, vol. 12, pp. 287-291.
Hostetter, Gordon L. (1933), “The rising tide of racketeering”. The Political Quarterly, 4 (3): 403-422.
Hostetter, Gordon L. & Beesley, Thomas Quinn. (1929), It’s a Racket! Chicago, Les Quin Books.
Kang, David C. (2004), Crony capitalism: corruption and development in South Korea and the Philippines. Cambridge, Cambridge University.
Kawaguti, Luiz & Lang, Marina. (2018), “‘O Rio de Janeiro é laboratório para o Brasil’, diz general interventor”. Uol. Available at https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2018/02/27/intervencao-e-janela-de-oportunidades-para-a-seguranca-do-rio-diz-general-interventor.htm, consulted in 28/2/2018.
Khatri, Naresh; Tsang, Eric W. K. & Begley, Thomas M. (2006), “Cronyism: A cross-cultural analysis”. Journal of International Business Studies, 37 (1): 61-75.
Kirchheimer, Otto. (1941a), “Changes in the structure of political compromise”. Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, ix (2): 264-289.
Kirchheimer, Otto. (1941b), “The legal order of national socialism”. Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, ix (3): 456-475.
Krugman, Paul. (2002), “Crony capitalism, usa”. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/15/opinion/crony-capitalism-usa.html?rref=collection%2Fcolumn%2Fpaul-krugman, consulted in February 1st, 2018.
Krugman, Paul. (2016), “How Republics end”. The New York Times. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/19/opinion/how-republics-end.html, consulted in September 22nd, 2017.
Kurz, Robert. (1991), Der Kollaps der Modernisierung. Vom Zusammenbruch des Kasernensozialismus zur Krise der Weltökonomie. Frankfurt am Main, Eichborn.
Lemke, Thomas. (2002), “Foucault, governmentality, and critique”. Rethinking Marxism, 14 (3): 49-64.
Marcuse, Herbert. (1941), “Some social implications of modern technology”. Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, vol. ix (3): 414-439.
Marcuse, Herbert. ([1942] 2004), “State and individual under national socialism”. In: ______. Technology, war and fascism. London, Taylor & Francis, pp. 67-88.
Marx, Karl. ([1867] 1968), Das Kapital. Band I. In: ______ & Engels, Friedrich. Werke, Band 23. Berlin/ddr, Dietz.
Nachtwey, Oliver. (2017), Die Abstiegsgesellschaft. Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp.
Neumann, Franz ([1944] 2009). Behemoth: The structure and practice of national socialism, 1933-1944. Chicago, Ivan R. Dee Publisher.
Offe, Claus. ([1981] 1984), “Some contradictions of the modern welfare state”. In: ______. Contradictions of the welfare State. London/Melbourne/Johannesburg, Hutchinson, pp. 146-141.
Oh, Ingyu & Varcin, Recep. (2002), “The mafioso state: state-led market bypassing in South Korea and Turkey”. Third World Quarterly, 23 (4): 711-723.
Pollock, Friedrich. (1941a), “State capitalism. Its possibilities and limitations”. Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, ix: 200-225.
Pollock, Friedrich. (1941b), “Is national socialism a new order?”. Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, ix (2): 440-455.
Puzone, Vladimir Ferrari. (2017), “Os rackets brasileiros: notas sobre as atuais circunstâncias históricas”. Estudos de Sociologia, 22 (42): 93-109.
Regatieri, Ricardo Pagliuso (forth.). Capitalismo sem peias: a crítica da dominação nos debates no Instituto de Pesquisa Social no início da década de 1940 e na elaboração da Dialética do Esclarecimento. São Paulo, Humanitas.
Rehbein, Boike & Souza, Jessé. (2014), Ungleichheit in kapitalistischen Gesellschaften. Weinheim, Beltz/Juventa.
Robinson, Michael E. (2007), Korea’s twentieth-century odyssey. Honolulu, University of Hawai’i Press.
Rohter, Larry. (2005), “With new chief, Uruguay veers left, in a Latin pattern”. The New York Times online edition. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/01/world/americas/with-new-chief-uruguay-veers-left-in-a-latin-pattern.html, consulted in 20/2/2018.
Salter, Malcolm S. (2014), “Crony capitalism, American style: what are we talking about here?”. Edmond J. Safra Working Papers. Harvard University, n. 50. Available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2513352, consulted in 1/2/2018.
Schumpeter, Joseph. (2003), Capitalism, socialism and democracy. London/New York, Routledge.
Souza, Jessé. (2000), A modernização seletiva: uma reinterpretação do dilema brasileiro. Brasília, Editora da UnB.
Souza, Jessé. (2015), A tolice da inteligência brasileira: ou como o país se deixa manipular pela elite. São Paulo, LeYa.
Souza, Jessé. (2017), A elite do atraso: da escravidão à Lava Jato. Rio de Janeiro, LeYa.
Streeck, Wolfgang. (2012), “As crises do capitalismo democrático”. Novos Estudos Cebrap, 92: 35-56.
Streeck, Wolfgang. Gekaufte Zeit. Die vertagte Krise des demokratischen Kapitalismus. Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 2016.
Weber, Max. ([1922] 1980), Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Grundriß der verstehenden Soziologie. Tübingen, J. C. B. Mohr, 1980.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2018 Tempo Social
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.