Os garotos-propaganda do "capitalismo" da Antiguidade evitando dinheiro? A difusão do alfabeto no Médio Oriente como função de um comércio marítimo baseado em crédito

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2448-1750.revmae.2019.165133

Palavras-chave:

economia do crédito, alfabeto, moeda, fenicio, aramaico, fenícios

Resumo

Os avanços dos estudos sobre as origens da monetização no Mediterrâneo mostraram que, mesmo com a circulação da moeda controlada por estados, as economias de crédito (sem moedas) existiam em paralelo, usando documentos escritos para transações, até o período romano. O artigo atual documenta que uma economia de crédito facilitou a expansão comercial fenícia no Mediterrâneo (9 - 7 séculos a.C.), tornando-se o veículo pelo qual o abjad semítico ocidental, o "alfabeto" fenício, foi rapidamente adotado e adaptado a várias escritas fonéticos e silábicos no Mediterrâneo. Isso levou à rápida disseminação da alfabetização em sociedades que eram totalmente analfabetas neste período, como os gregos, ou que nunca haviam desenvolvido a alfabetização. Em contraste com explicações anteriores que viram a disseminação da alfabetização no Mediterrâneo como corolário do comércio internacional, o presente estudo postula que a alfabetização teve um papel funcional nas economias de crédito que cresceram com o comércio internacional, oferecendo assim o ímpeto para a disseminação da alfabetização, e fornece documentação que substancia essa hipótese. O estudo vincula a rápida disseminação da alfabetização ao papel institucional da escrita no contexto de transações comerciais monetizadas, utilizando evidências arqueológicas de ambas as extremidades do Mediterrâneo e interpretando-as dentro de contexto histórico.

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